Difference in Sunni and Shia Muslims

The difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims is not Islamic beliefs or spiritual differences, hardly politics. The division of Sunni and Shia Muslims started after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Sunni Muslims believed that the new leader of the Muslim nation should be elected protrude of those nearly capable of the job. Shia Muslims believed that leadership should be passed to his cousin or son-in-law. The leader was elected out of those most capable of the job. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of the Islamic nation.The word Sunni in Arabic means unrivalled who follows the traditions of the Prophet. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. They argon also known as followers of the Prophet. Shias believe that Imams argon descendants of the Prophet. Sunnis accept that the first tetrad Caliphs were followers of Mohammad, but do not grant any kind of divinely inspired condition to their clerics. Afghanistan is made up of 84 percent Sunnis and 15 per cent Shias.Most Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims, while most Hazaras are Shia Muslims. In The Kite Runner Amir and Baba are Sunni Muslims and Hassan and Ali are Shia Muslims. Hazaras are generally Shia Muslims and Pashtuns are generally Sunni Muslims. They have different beliefs but between Amir and Hassan it does not make a difference. Hassan is called uncomplimentary names by Assef and some others because he is a Hazara and a Shia Muslim. Amir is not because he is a Pashtun and a Sunni Muslim.

Native American culture Essay

From the 15th to 19th century the European colonization touch the homegrown American culture in many counselings, such as diseases, war, and enslavement. Many diseases such as sm altogetherpox and measles were the main cause of the decline in the Native American population more than so than war. Although they seemed to destroy Native American culture, they besides improved it by trade. The Native American way of life changed after trading with the Europeans. At first Native Americans wanted metal products, which they couldnt stir themselves, such as axe-heads and knives.Later they realized the value of guns. Having guns and horses completely changed the way Native Americans hunted for food. too in the 15th century Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The introduction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to smashingly protract their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game.In the 19th century, the Westward expansion of the coupled States incrementally expelled large numbers of Native Americans from vast areas of their territory, either by forcing them into marginal lands farther and farther west, or by outright drubbings. Under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the quin Civilized Tribes from the east onto western reservations, primarily to take their land for settlement. The forced migration was marked by great hardship and many deaths.Its route is known as the Trail of Tears. Conflicts broke out between U. S. forces and many different tribes. Authorities entered numerous treaties during this period, but later abrogated many for various reasons. Well-known military engagements embarrass the atypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all remaining Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves.This, together with the near-extinction of the American Bison, which many tribes had lived on, set about the downturn of Prairie Culture that had developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading. Students at the Bismark Indian train in the beforehand(predicate) 20th century American policy toward Native Americans have been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in Indian embarkation Schools.These schools, which were primarily run by Christians, proved traumatic to Indian children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity instead of their native religions and in numerous other ways forced to abandon thei r Indian identity and buy up European-American culture, despite many of the practices being in violation of clauses of the U. S. Constitution separating church and state. There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools.Many other attempts were made to deprive the American Indians of their culture, language, and religious beliefs, some of which are reported to continue into current times. Therefore the European colonists destroyed the Native American culture, from their first encounter in the 15th century all the way through the early 20th century. From diseases and warfare to eventually moving Native Americans from their natural territories, the Europeans started a extermination of the Americans that were Native to this sibylline new world.

Financial Compensations for Olympic Medalists

Since time immemorial winning an Olympic medal was comprehend as the pinnacle of the attainments of any athletes career. In our times it has become a commonplace for those winning to come across monetary rewards and life-long forms of compensation for their endeavors. However,these practices have been at the forefront of numerous debates as they are considered to be undermining the square Olympic spirit.Many embrace the idea of financial incentives. One source for this is the fact that Olympic athletes devote their lives to their frisk in hopes of being the best in the world. No matter how talented or driven an athlete,however,they mustiness train for many another(prenominal) hours day to day to perfect their skills and be in a phenomenal somatic shape,consequently they neglect other fundamental aspects of their ordinary lives.Furthermore,those who aspire to acquire an Olympic medal have a multitude of running living and sport related expenses without having a steady income f rom their profession. What is more,some people share the view that financial rewards significantly impact their motivation to reach the Olympic podium. On the other hand,there are those who agree to such compensations. They claim that athletes should compete for pride and desire for glory and prestige a medal leave bring to their nation.Additionally since the elimination of amateurism in the Olympic Games,athletes are often funded to train through corporate sponsors and warranty deals,hence,they receive considerable sums of money and in return the company receives publicity. It is often seen even whole teams competing duration wearing a companys logo in exchange for financial support,closely resembling and employer-employee relationship. Last but not least(prenominal) they point out some unfortunate events that most us have witnessed,the use of performance enhancing drugs.Having seen many Olympic medalists being stripped of their medals after doping scandal outbreak they belie ve that monetary rewards undermine the genius of Olympic Games which ought to be governed by fair play,ethics and morality. By and large,it seems that people have a good reason to be dismissive of the notion of athletes receiving financial aid by their governments since it is obvious that it poses motive for malpractice for some. On a personal level I feel that we should enliven the original Olympic spirit and let the rewards be symbolic and not materialistic.

Assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in Essay

Assess the virtual(a) usefulness and the relevance of game speculation in come of the demanding assumptions behind the concept of the - Essay ExampleOn e would be able to find forbidden the importance and demerit of using Nash equilibrium in the real knowledge domain. Introduction Game theory refers to the reckon of the techniques of purpose making. The study gives calculated methods of fully grown a strategic finis in an economic issue. It puts tie in disciplines of philosophy, mathematics and psychology in making strategic decision making. Since its invention in 1944 by flush toilet von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, it has underg angiotensin converting enzyme severall improvement and applications. The Nash equilibrium is a concept in game theory that gives solutions to games that involves more than one player. In Nash equilibrium, every player makes the best decision considering that the opponent would make their own best decision too. Jon Nash realized that one has no capabilities to tell and predict others decisions by only viewing one case. closing off prevents proper analysis of decisions. In addition, every player knows that there is nothing to gain by changing their strategy. Therefore, the only option left for a player is to get know what one player would do by considering the others decisions in the process. Game theory uses the concepts of Nash equilibrium when making an analysis of strategic interaction that occurs in the midst of the decision makers. Throughout history, Nashs equilibrium concept has been useful with practical application in time of war and arms races. Some of the practical applications of Nash equilibrium include mitigation of members in conflict by use of repeated interactions, determining the point in which people of different preferences may agree to cooperate, happening of currency crises, the flow of traffic on busy roads, setting up regulatory regulations and during soccer when beef penalties (Myerson 2013, p 56). In Nash equilibrium, everybody gets involved in a game the moment their fate is a point where the decision depends on the other person playing the game. The game does not have all the practical conditions that make up in the real world. Some of the unrealistic assumption that the game assumes are as follows the concepts operate in the assumption that the players possess powerful computing techniques, through which, they analyze every situation giving no chance to any faults. Human beings operate under situations that may involve a lot of unlooked-for situations. Thus, humans are prone to making incorrect decisions during the period. In addition, the concepts call for radical decisions that raise a lot of questions (Zhao 2007, p89). Another unrealistic nature is that it gives either the optimum or a value at equilibrium. It does not give a true value. In pratically, the scenarios are true and would require two choices giving true results. That is the results of the prisoners d ilemma are not as optimum as the theory tends to show. In some of the cases, the concept could be unreliable and misleading the practical user. However, such cases are restrict since the Nash equilibrium has registered many instances of positive feedback. Nash equilibrium sets up a base in which other theories and practical scenarios can base their applications for success in the real world (Zhao 2007, p77). Conditions that exist in the real world seem to be more complicated that in examples. For example, if an event that two competing companies set their market expense at say, $10, one company would attempt to set a slightly lower price to augment its sales, as long

Different Models of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Different specimens of side of meat - Essay ExampleEnglish has become the second speech in most part of the world with an increasing interest to learn it by masses. Currently, a volumed number of the givers and speakers of the English language are located globally, outside the main heartland where the language originated and flourished. People use the language for variety of purposes such as tourism, business, finance, entertainment, academic and interpersonal relationships and that is the only media of communication which is understood by most of the people to a certain extent. In the above perspective, the paper attempts to study the various for sale linguistic exercises for the learning of English with a special fictitious character to Lingua Franca as the suitable model for the English learners in the China. Native-Speaker Model Kachru (2005) propounded his Three dress circles Model for English learning. What he described as Inner- Circle that comprises of the countries, which are native developers of the English language such as Britain, U.S., Australia and Canada. Countries such as China, Japan who harmonize to Kachru (2005) fall under Expanding Circle do non develop matured version of their own English obviously look at native speakers for their English language programs unlike the Outer-Circle countries. Kirkpatrick (2007) is of the view that Inner-Circle norms are not necessary for countries like China and they need not follow the pattern of pronunciation prevailing in Inner-Circle countries. He is of the clear view that the distinction between native and nativised varieties of English can easily be questioned. American English is a nativised version when compared to British English because some other languages were spoken on that point before English from Britain arrived there. So taking the grasp of local cultures of America, English got nativised in the American context. comparable is also true for Australian English which got nativise d through the influence of local cultures. Kirkpatrick (2007) is of the view that all languages routinely influence each other and evolve. Even current native English language is a confection of so m all other languages such as Greek, Latin, Germanic, French, and other Anglo-Saxon springs. Thus, it is difficult to classify any form of English as native version rather it is easy to classify them as nativised. Nativised Model Roger Anderson (1983) propounded the theory of nativization of language. According to him, the learner of a second language (English) nativises the language input in reference to their first language norm. Learners of the second language failing to identify them with the culture of the target language disavow its linguistic norms and tend to nativise it. This has been confirmed by Kachru (2005) when he classifies his theory about The Outer-Circle. He classifies those countries in Outer-Circle, which soak up been either British or U.S colonies in the past such as India, Kenya, Africa, Pakistan, Singapore, Philippines, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. These countries have successfully substantial and adopted to own version of pronunciation of English depending upon their culture and linguistic style and most of them have culminated into mature varieties as described in detail by Schneider (2007). Globish Model Globish is a simple form of English devised by Jean Paul Nerriere, an Ex-vice president of IBM. It has short sentences, no idiomatic expressions and uses basic syntax. It has mental lexicon of 1500 words. This was devised by Nerriere to help non-English speakers so that

Fashion Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

form Media and Communication - Essay ExampleThe essay Fashion Media and Communication explores the media and communication in fashion. Essentially, for my investigation, Ive resolute to focus on the dazed vision described as the in house video blazon. Notably, dazed vision came to being in December 2012. Most notably, the Vise Media a globally recognised digital media acquired the British style bible i-D. It is worth noting that this move took the online world by storm and conventional a new experience in the digital communication through video-driven experiences. Apparently, this innovation was brought about to tabulator the changes experienced in the young fashion industry. In addition to that, the fashion industry has been crowded with more(prenominal) than enough outdated media used in communicating with the consumers. Notably, the new launches thus demonstrate how the media landscape is radically reshaped each day by the dynamics of the internet. Furthermore, these dynamics have modified the content and how it is being publicize to the targeted consumers.It is important to note that the industry, especially the fashion industry, have to change their ways of staying competitive in the market. On the same point, this competition has therefore brought about innovation in a manner that the most in advance(p) company attracts both the investors and the large base of customers. On the contrary, there are several important factors that bay window be used to give a detailed definition of the dazed vision, namely. Statistical evidence shows that by the year 2017.

Revisions Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revisions - Thesis Examplearch has studied if real in-migration and ensnare control systems are enough to prevent illegal immigration, as well as existence of psychological and logical aspects related to the illegal immigrants and immigration to use them as a cats-paw to infiltrate terrorists to the USASince the discovery of the continent, everyone other than Native Americans, who are living in the US, are descending(prenominal) from immigrants and slaves. By the late seventeenth century, nonnative individuals formed seventy-five percent of the American population (History of immigration Law in the USA). At branch, the U.S. government promoted wide-open immigration in the pursuit of settling as much territory as possible. However, after the Civil War different states began to adopt their own immigration statues. In 1875, US Supreme court brought the immigration laws under federal jurisdiction. In 1891, US intercourse established Immigration Service (History of Immigration Law in the USA) and started implementing immigration laws. Early immigration laws were knowing to control US population structure. For example, 1790 Naturalization Act limited European and Caucasian descendent immigration, 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act made immigration from China illegal. Likewise, ethnicity, the government was also worried about clean-living composition of the US population. Congress, between 1872-1890 passed laws constraining the immigration of several groups that included prostitutes, criminals, mentally ill, and financially explosive individuals. In the late 19th century, the government became concerned about native laborers. In 1885 and 1887, Congress passed first laws restricting immigration based on economic reasons. Congress during 1900 to 1921 instituted a quota system guaranteeing permission to a set number of individuals from each ethnic group. In 1924, Congress established the first branch of border control to monitor immigration from Canada and Mexico (Hist ory of Immigration Law in the USA). In