Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Psychological Criticism Essay

Psychological criticism is an approach in analyzing literary texts through the use of psychological concepts especially the human desires and feelings that a person is unaware of. The text is analyzed and understood together with the possible responses of the reader as well as the author of the text. Psychological criticism basically begins with trying to understand the author’s psychological conflicts as revealed in the literary piece. Characters in the story are also analyzed in terms of putting them into real-life situations. Lastly, psychological criticism also seeks to know the appeal of the literary piece to its readers and the ability of the readers to identify their personal desires and fears in life. In the poem â€Å"Piano,† author D. H. Lawrence appears to write about the childhood love of the narrator towards his mother. This adoration for the mother reflects Sigmund Freud’s theory about the psychosexual development of human beings, specifically the stage where the male child suffers from what Freud calls the â€Å"Oedipus complex†Ã¢â‚¬â€male little children having incestuous desires for their mothers. The narrator’s act of recalling memories also brings to mind the idea in psychology that life experiences that touch people the most are most likely to be retained in our memory. The poem suggests that the narrator simply cannot forget his childhood experience of listening to his mother play the piano because it is an unforgettable and touching experience for the narrator. Psychological criticism allows for a careful analysis of literary texts through the use of concepts in psychology. It basically attempts to get a more comprehensive understanding of texts as far as the readers, authors and the literary pieces themselves are concerned. All in all, the human unconscious plays an important role in psychological criticism.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Colony Textile Mills Essay

History Colony Group is one of the leading and oldest Textile Manufacturing group in Pakistan. The 1st industrial venture of the group was in cotton ginning sector back in 1881. Gradually the group diversified in to flour milling in the early 1900s. First textile spinning plant was put up in 1946 under the name of Colony Textile Mills Limited. The Group further ventured in to Banking, Insurance, Cement, and Power Generation & Distribution. By 1952 Colony Textile Mills Limited was a composite textile plant with a 120,000 spindles, 1,500 looms, and fabric finishing capacity in excess of 150,000 meters per day. Nationalization of 1972 took most of the business away, leaving Textile and Insurance in the Group. Presently, there are two companies in the group, namely, Colony Textile Mills Limited (CTM) with about 195,000 Spindles, and Colony Industries (Pvt. ) Limited (CIL), consisting of 35,000 Spindles and 418 Air Jet Looms. Width | Looms| | 190cm| 180| 176 Cam +12 Dobby + 12 Crank (20 Looms with Batchers)|210cm| 24| 24 Cam Looms (4 Looms with Batchers)| 280cm| 26| 20 Cam + 6 Dobby| 340cm| 188| 174 Cam + 14 Dobby| Competitive Dimensions CIL is a very strong and only group that has 418 Looms in same place. This helps in fulfilment of large orders at high speed. If the looms are installed at different locations large orders cannot be processed because of factors like communication barrier and increased cost of transportation etc. Another unique thing CIL has is the Automatic Drawing in machine. When order of new quality is received it needs to be designed for the loom to work on. If manually this process is done the time required to feed the new design in the loom would be around 16 hours. The time CIL takes to do the same task is just 2 hours with better efficiency. This automated machine is only available at CIL and increases order fulfilment speed. The power requirement for the setup of 418 looms, compressor fleets and other support functions is 8MW. The cost of power i. e. electricity is reduced to a greater extent by manufacturing through its own power generation system which produces 10MW through Natural gas. Moreover for an uninterrupted supply of electricity CIL has its own grid station. Similarly CIL’s own compressors fleet decreases the cost of raw material i. e. compressed air which prevents the machinery from heating up and maintain humidity and temperatures. Capacity Capacity or the production of looms greatly depends upon the quality of fabric. If fabric is of high quality production will be less. The reason behind this is high quality fabric uses fine threads. Production also depends upon the number of threads used in manufacturing. 6 million meters per month approx production has been recorded by CIL. Initially there were 120 looms at CIL. Capacity addition was done in March 2005 and 154 looms were added. Capacity addition for the 2nd time was done at the end of 3rd quarter by adding 144 looms making production capacity of 6. 0 million meters fabric per month. Core Services and Value Added Services The core service of CIL is grey fabric manufacturing. They don’t provide internal information of accounts, operations etc. to external people. However they provide samples to their clients which are sales support. Field support is also not easy in this weaving business but they do rectify the error within the specified time. Fail Safing techniques Automated motion sensors Automated motion sensors stop the process of creeling, sizing and weaving whenever a thread breaks down or any error appears in the process. This prevents errors from increasing. Online Inspection System Online Inspection system is a manual system by which errors can be checked by mills manager. The data is fed to the system by operators and is evaluated by mills manager for removal of errors. During Production Checks Technicians and operators are responsible for checking and removing the errors during production. After Production Checks Inspection and folding department rectifies error if it still exists before packing. After packing the order is randomly checked so that client gets error free order. Process Selection The type of processes they are using at the most basic level is Fabrication rocess that means Colony Industry converts their raw material i. e. raw yarn to grey fabric. Grey fabric is the form of fabric before printing or dying. This process of fabrication is termed as Weaving in the terminology of Textile business. Yarn flow is organized in the factory by process technology known as batch shop. Yarn is retrieved from yarn procurement department as the order is receive d for the production of grey fabric and then it is processed in the form of batches or order. Mill consists of 3 Units each having 2 Sheds which are control units. Hierarchy of authority is in Appendix. Each Unit is headed by Mills manger and so on. Production in charge are responsible for 60, senior technicians for 16 and Operators for 4-6 looms. Warping Creeling Quality Check Yarn High Spinning Mill Low Sizing Head Stock Warper Beams Drawing In Sizing Roll Inspection Bales Packaging Weaving Approve Pallets Disapprove Storage Treatable Treat Yes No Waste No Flow Chart Marketing department receives order and transfer production order to the mill. Mill staff plans the order and tells yarn procurement department for yarn purchase. This department purchases yarn from colony’s spinning mill and other spinning mills. The yarn is not stored at the mill but it is received from the source when needed. Once yarn is received by the mill it is sent to quality check department for inspection where yarn is weighed and tested for hair and tension. If the yarn is not approved, it is sent back to the source otherwise it is transferred to the next department. This yarn is in the form of spindles which is loaded on creeling machine manually. Then the process of warping starts in which these spindles are unrolled and rolled on the warping beams which are then transferred for sizing. In the process of sizing, starch and polyvinyl along with some other chemicals and water are cooked and applied to the yarn. This process makes yarn able to go through the next steps by increasing its strength and elasticity. After drying the yarn, ends are separated in a manner that they do not stick to each other. This dried yarn is rolled on temporary storage which has the size according to the width of the cloth known as sizing head stock. After the process of drawing in as explained previously, it is injected to the loom for the process of weaving. The temperature is controlled by a special system of compressor fleet. Once weaving is done, inspection of each inch of cloth is done for quality assurance where decision is made regarding acceptance, rejection and mending of cloth. After approval, it is sent for packing as mentioned in production order and if fabric is not approved, it is mended otherwise it is sent to the waste. Back Process: In Warping, the whole set-up is of Ben-Direct Benninger V 1080/2400. Colony Ind. has 6 Warping machines with the Creel Capacity of 1080 each. Each machine is with the electronic sensors for the tracing of broken ends. In Sizing, Colony has the Ben-Sizetech Zell KVE, Creel 32 WW/4000 machines. Colony has 4 Sizing machines, 3 with the Head Stock size of 4 meters. Total Creel Capacity ranges from 16 (1 m/c) to 28 (1 m/c) till 32 (2 m/c’s). The Sizing machine is with pre-wet technology with double dip sow-box. Colony has an additional facility of Beam Stacker which is not found anywhere else in Pakistan. Colony is equipped with 2 Beam Stacker from Formia Nova of Italy with total of 65 bars holding the capacity of 195 no of beams for Narrow & 130 no of beams for Wider. DRAWING-IN Colony has the state of the art 2 Automatic Drawing-In machine which is found rare in Pakistan. One machine is from Staubli (Delta 110-4) which has the capacity of 150,000 ends/day filling with the speed of 140 threads/min. The 2nd machine is from EL&M S. P. A (Super Vega) which has the 80 threads/min filling speed. Weaving Colony has the total production of 6. 00 million meters fabric/month with 418 looms all of Toyota JAT 710 in production. In the 190 cm section (Narrow looms), they have 180 looms, 24 with the batching motions. Folding machines has the total capacity of 25k/shift/machine. Rolling machine is with the production of 10000 meters fabric/shift/machine Quality Inspection/folding is the process for quality checks. In this process each inch of fabric is inspected. The quality of fabric depends upon the discretion of client and is checked according to the efficiency of loom stated in Production Order. Price also increases with the fineness of the fabric. During the process if any defect is found than it is decided according to the nature of the defect whether to allow it or treat the fabric. Then fabric is categorized into three grades A, B and C. A is finest category and is considered to be of export quality, while B and C are of lower quality. They follow 4 point system which allows maximum of 4 errors and is world wide accepted. Colony has fully equipped Quality Lab with all kind of testing equipments including the Uster Tester 4 for yarn checking. Quality Lab make sure that there is no compromise in the quality of the yarn used & the fabric produced. The whole set-up has the check points from Quality Department from Back Process to Article, from Inspection to packing, thus resulting in the production of 1st class A-Grade fabric as committed. Colony has the Wrapping Reel from Mesdan Italy with the Model # S-389 A used for the making of lea. It follows the ASTM standard ofD-1907-01. Auto Sorter is from Uster Switzerland with the Model PR 503 DR. Most Important machine in the Lab of colony is Uster UT -4 with the Model SE 400101-02100. Make of UT-4 is from Uster Switzerland for the checking of IPI’s in the yarn. For the checking of Hairiness in the yarn, colony has the Hairiness Tester from Zweigle Germany with the Model G-567. To check the Tear Strength of the fabric, colony has the Tear Strength Tester from Zweigle Germany with the model FX-3750. Their primary focus is quality because CIL is export based company. If quality is not up to the mark clients move to Bangladesh and China because they provide cheap products with low quality. Pakistani fabric is famous for its high quality and perfection. Recommendations: 1. Sales of local sector are dependent on few companies. The proportion of sales should be changed so that colony’s risk is minimized. This will also help in improving performance as it will result in sale increase. 2. Sale per order should be considered and goal should be â€Å"the more worth of order, higher should be the frequency of order. 3. Monitoring systems that allows online communication and control of looms should be installed to manage the system more accurately. 4. Employees should be decreased by bringing in automated creeling machine which reduces the time by automatically removing the spindles once the thread is removed from them. 5. Operations focus should be on wide looms as they have said that these wide looms have generated greater inflows. 6. Capacity addition should be kept in view as it has been around 3 years now before the last addition was made. 7. Training of employees by sending them to technical institutes abroad should be done as fail safing technique to reduce the chance of defect in the fabric. 8. Colony has fewer inflows in exports and greater in local therefore sales efforts should be engaged to increase local orders and increase inflows from exports. 9. Colony should use ingredient branding like they can market their cloth by informing clients about the brand of Looms Company have installed. 10. Operations policy should be made and reviewed continuously. Every employee should be involved in designing the policy. Appendix

Monday, July 29, 2019

British Isles

The British Isles have nt ever been a separate portion of Europe. Long clip ago Britain was a portion of the European continent. Then about ten thousand old ages ago during the terminal of the last Ice Age, when the clime grew warmer, new rivers and sees were formed Europe easy moved into its present form. The ancient people of Britain were simple huntsmans and ate flesh of animate beings fruits, nuts, honey. They fished, and gathered oysters. They did nt hold a lasting topographic point of life and traveled from topographic point to topographic point, sheltering in caves. Then the British work forces have become the husbandmans. The Stone Age husbandman had the spots in the woods that covered most of Britain. He kept half-wild cowss and hogs in a wood and in Northern Scotland, free from woods, he kept sheep. By the terminal of the Stone Age ( 2000 BC ) metal was already being used. It was clip of the Invasion of Beaker people. They came from the Northern Europe. They used bronze and it was them, who started the edifice of Stone memorials at Stonehenge. Mining and trade were turning during the Bronze Age ( ab. 2000-500 BC ) . About 500 BC British people were larning how to smelt Fe. Iron tools had an advantage over bronzy 1s: they were much cheaper. The beginning of the Iron Age ( Bachelor of Arts. 400 BC ) British Isles were invaded by Celts armed with arms of Fe. They conquered Kent and much of Southern England. They imposed their linguistic communication on the indigens, its Gaelic signifier was used in Irelan vitamin D and Scotland, the Brythonic signifier in England and Wales. It was the Brythonic folk that gave its name to the whole state. The first history of Britain was written by an educated merchandiser from Morsel. He besides wrote the first description of the people, called Celts. He said they were a gentlefolk, skilled craftsman, who welcomed visitants. The most educated visitant of Britain described the British as a ferocious race. His name was Julius Caesar. Present English dates back to 5th-6th centuries, when Germanic folk of Jutes, Saxons Angles overran all England except Cornwall Cumberland. Some spiritual footings were borrowed from Latin in connexion with change overing England to Christianity by St. Augustin. Some parts of England were invaded by Danes Norwegians, that s why the linguistic communications of the Anglo-Saxons Danes formed the footing of English. Jessye normans contributed greatly to the development of English linguistic communication during their invasion. Following point of this was the 15th-16th centuries when written linguistic communication was stabilized with aid of distributing of printing. In 19th century the growing of British colonial power led to the spread of English as universe linguistic communication. But still it was merely the 1930 when the British Foreign Office stopped utilizing French for all its official memorandum. So It was the long manner of coming-to-be the linguistic communication of international communicating from old Anglo-saxon idioms to the universe linguistic communication in twentieth century.

Parenting Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Websites - Essay Example In our day-to-day lives we come across various kinds of situations where we need some kind of advice from the experts or psychotherapist who can guide us to tackle with the situations. This site is a helping hand to those needful parents as it incorporates articles related to all subjects one can think and face in routine life. The articles are for all the age group starting from nursing an infant, toilet-training a toddler, helping a third-grader with homework, or buying a cell phone for a teenager, this website has advice and ideas to help parents of children belonging to any age-group. It provides various methodologies and ways for the parents to deal with the situations which they come across while rearing their child and formulating their personalities, as these children are the future of the nation. It helps parents to develop awareness towards the environment and changing trends in culture of the society. All parents want their child to be capable of tackling with the day-today life. To keep abreast with the trends it is imperative for the parents to provide their child/ children with the best possible commodities. This not only built confidence in the child but also enhance motor skills and knowledge to the child. This site provides toys right from vision fixation, motor skill development to interactive learning and games related with situations. The site provides the best toys and educational products. Apart from offering a range of the products it also offers tips on selecting and links to online toy stores. The website encompasses a little bit of everything – printable material for the kids, recipes, parenting articles for all ages, a message board, along with the complete information which a family requires for a progressive and cognitive development in the present era. The printable material enhances the gross motor skills as it contains coloring material to various activities which keep the child busy all

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Maritime Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Maritime Operations - Essay Example (The ISM code, 2010) (ii) It should ensure a safe working place is maintained on board ship. (iii) Identify areas where accidents can occur on board ship and provide measures for rectification.( The ISM code, 2010) (iv) Upgrade the ability of persons on board to react immediately in case of emergency per safety manuals. (v) The safety manuals and codes have been developed after years of research and feedback generated by shipping personnel over years of experience in facing different distress situations. Hence the crew should always be encouraged to follow the safety instructions and treat the code as a valuable piece of guidance. (The ISM Code, 2007) Therefore it is quite clear from the objectives that the human element is quite clearly addressed in the ISM code and guidelines have been prescribed to reduce operational risk. It is with these intentions that the Maritime Labour Convention of 2006 and the STCW 1978 were conducted and guidelines to avoid human risk were evolved. Mariti me labour Convention 2006 Since the Maritime labour Convention as a document covers a whole gamut of areas and stipulations, the primary areas of reference regarding reducing operational risk of seafarers shall be discussed here. This convention consists of a series of conventions which deals with the scope, rights and responsibilities of seafarers. Here Title 1 deals with the minimum qualification a seafarer must possess for him do his job efficiently thus mitigating accident risk to fellow crew and the ship. Title 2 deals with the minimum wages, hours of rest, period of leave and the manning levels of the seafarers. Title 3 deals with his accommodation and food that is provided on board. Therefore Title 2 and Title 3 deals with the psychological aspect of the person as only an optimum amount of rest would ensure that he performs his watch keeping duty diligently. Title 4 covers measures that the ship has adopted for accident prevention and medical care facilities on board in case of any injury. The ship should also be provided with efficient communication that could inform the land and have the injured person airlifted to the nearest medical facility. (Maritime Labour Convention, 2006) The regulation and code is then further arranged in to a series of five titles. These are (i) Title 1- The minimum age of entry should be sixteen years. Night duty for people below 18 years is banned. Night duty is also defined as one which begins before midnight and ends before 5am. Work that may have an adverse effect on the health of an individual should be avoided if he is below 18 years.( Cleopatra Doumbia, 2009) Seafarers who have not passed the medical tests prior to each sail shall be prohibited from joining ship and taking up duties. Medical certificates to prove the legitimacy must be provided on joining board. The seafarer should be adequately trained in carrying out watch keeping duties and should have carry all the relevant certificates regarding safety like basic fire fighting, first aid among others. (Maritime Labour Convention, 2006) (ii) Title 2- This encourages the shipping companies to adopt a more humane approach to the seafarer employer agreements so that his mind remains focussed when at work away from other external

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Military Tribunals and the American Court System Essay

Military Tribunals and the American Court System - Essay Example International agreements define the proper treatment of prisoners and the acceptable treatment of civilians during times of war. This has had a practical reason as it has traditionally prevented field commanders from committing atrocities that would so inflame the enemy that they would seek widespread revenge on their opponent. To assure that armies would keep war civilized, special processes have been set up to deal with those that transgress the rules and prearranged agreements. A court martial is often used to prosecute individuals of one's own armed forces. However, when the enemy is conquered and has violated the principle and sensibilities of the victor, they can become the defendants in a military tribunal, a seldom used process to handle unusual cases in unique situations. This paper will explain the process of the military tribunal. It will discuss the history of US tribunals and their relevance to international events and conventions. It will define the difference between civilian courts, courts martial, and the military tribunal. It will further explore the requirements and rationalizations for holding a military tribunal as opposed to civilian courts. More importantly, it will discuss the constitutional evolution of the military tribunal and will examine key cases from the past. ... This paper will not form any legal opinion on the constitutionality of the military tribunal. It also will not offer a social or political opinion of the process. These are beyond the scope of this research. It will, however, offer the rationale used by the courts and government officials to arrive at their various opinions. It will include both sides of the controversy as seen by those that are most directly involved. It will highlight the unusual cases in history that have created the controversy over congressional and presidential power with respect to military tribunals. To begin a discussion of the military tribunal, it needs to be put into the context of more conventional and familiar court systems. The military tribunal differs from our civilian courts and a court martial in their purpose, approach, rules of evidence, and method of operation. Court martial is used to prosecute members of the military for criminal offenses that may be a violation of the articles of war or crime such as theft, violence, or criminal activity. They are similar to civilian courts in their guarantee of rights except that they make no allowance for a jury of peers. The jury is composed of appointed military officers. They do follow the same rules of evidence and due process for the defendant. Where a civilian court is used to prosecute civilians who violate the civilian law, tribunals have historically been used for the purpose of prosecuting an armed service's personnel who have violated the articles of war or international agreements. However they have occasionally been used in extraordinary situations to control the civilian population. The war on terror has brought about new definitions of 'enemy combatant' and the current

Friday, July 26, 2019

SECURITY ISSUES IN RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX Dissertation

SECURITY ISSUES IN RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX - Dissertation Example The intention of this study is security as a key concern for enterprise Information technology (IT) managers with a regular apprehension to keep the systems properly updated and configured to prevent unwarranted exploitation from outsiders. OpenSCAP implements an open Source of Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) framework for creation of uniform approach for maintains secure systems. A lot people are paying a lot attention on security matters particularly in governments to ensure their systems are well guarded and are not exposed to uncalled for bugs and exploits. With OpenSCAP, the open source community is leveraging a number of different components from the security standards ecosystem to enable the framework. In order to avoid all sorts of attacks, this research indicates some security issues of the system and software configurations in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) such as OpenSCAP, Security Audit system and some OpenSCAP tools, which play a vital role in the Linux security domain. Grasping these skills not only can help the administrator defend from the potential security risk making the environment more secure but also can understand the concepts of security deeply promoting the development of computer security. The world of computer security has changed dramatically in the last few years, and one of the greatest challenges now facing CIOs and IT directors is the task of maintaining the security of their IT environments. The effects of a security breach can be catastrophic, including unplanned downtime and the resulting loss of service, a potentially significant financial impact, and the loss of sensitive and confidential information. This problem has been compounded by the proliferation of networked PCs and servers as well as the growing intelligence of malicious software that seeks to exploit and expand throughout the Internet infrastructure. Companies such as Red Hat are releasing new technologies and tools to address the needs of system administrators responsible for managing the security of large numbers of geographically dispersed systems. For example, technologies such as Position Independent Executables (PIE) and Exec Shield help protect against buffer overflows, a tactic frequently employed by attackers to infiltrate and compromise flawed software programs. Another technology, Security Enhanced Linux (SELInux) prevents users and applications from damaging an entire system by enforcing security policies at the kernel level (Farrell, 2003). On the tools front, Red Hat Network, a key part of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, provides system administrators a way to review information about security vulnerabilities and proactively apply relevant security measures and other updates to large numbers of Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems easily and efficiently. With recent technologies, applications can be shielded in environments which do not expose them to: Potential flaws that may be inherent in the application

Thursday, July 25, 2019

How has the Anglican Catholic Tradition shaped the Theology and Essay - 1

How has the Anglican Catholic Tradition shaped the Theology and Liturgy of the Marriage Service in Common Worship - Essay Example It is a social act that joins two people in a long lasting commitment and a promise to fulfill their marriage vows. Thousands of years back, considering the example of early men, who were hunters and wanderers changing their habitats every now and then. They were illiterate and uncivilized people who did not have any technology, luxury, means of communication, storage system for food etc. hence they lived for today only and had no moral values. There was no concept or need of marriage as they did whatever they liked to, involved in unethical sexual acts and women gave birth to children without knowing who the father was nor the offspring cared to find about their father and knew only their mother. This act kept going for years and gradually with an extreme need of change the women started realizing her responsibilities towards making own house and how to make the living beautiful. The men being the hunters remained busy all day long whereas the women invented the idea of cultivating crops in fields and made various kind of trials to grow better plants and selected those good in taste and for health. After the transition of men from hunters to farmers the concept of marriage arose as man being the owner of lands and properties will remain superior to a woman who will carry his child only by devoting herself to him and will not have relationship with other men. BIBLICAL DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE: The ceremony and reception programs of marriage are not discussed in detail in the holy book Bible. However it does describe the marriage and its vows in many chapters. It is divine and sacred act and is common since Jewish times. Hence it is very essential to follow the commands and vows of marriage set by God which gives emphasis over the importance of this sacred occasion of matrimony. As said in the vows; that the couple will remain faithful to each other, stand together through good times and bad ,give love and care, in sickness and in health and till death do us part. A less importance is given to ceremony and its festivities and more to the contract made between the individuals according to religious perspective. Matrimony is a sacred agreement in the eyes of God. It is therefore essential for a man and woman to marry each other according to religion as said by Jesus that it is forbidden for a man and woman to live together without marriage and the relationship between such a couple cannot be termed as â€Å"husband and wife†. (John 4). Hence the scriptures of Bible reveal that holy union of two people in the eyes of God is the most sacred relationship fulfilling all the commands by God. CHRISTIANITY: Christianity is a monotheist’s ( believes in one God) religion founded on the basis of lessons given by Jesus Christ ( in Canonical Gospels and New Testaments). It is also the largest religion in the world. It says that Jesus Christ is God’s Son and the protector of mankind due to which He is also referred to as Messiah. The f ollowers of this religion are called as Christians. This religion is divided into three divisions: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. The Roman Catholic churches were separated from Eastern Orthodox churches in 1054 (AD).Protestantism was set in insixteenth century as a result of a protest from a group of people against Roman Catholic churches and hence a separate group of churches was originated. The religion started to

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

International Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Finance - Case Study Example In 1993, ICI demerged its bioscience businesses to a publicly listed company, Zeneca Group PLC. 1997 saw ICI transforming from a regional manufacturer of bulk chemicals to a global specialty chemical and paints leader with the acquisition of Unilever's Speciality Chemicals businesses. Over the last decade, ICI has transformed its portfolio through a number of acquisitions and divestments worth more than 12 billion. Proceeds from divestments have helped ICI reduce its net debt and improve its balance sheet strength (ICI Annual Report, 2006). This paper evaluates the international operations of ICI and discusses how important international trade is for the ICI Group. Various analyses are conducted such as strategic, financial, SWOT, and risk to provide a deeper insight into the company's international operations. ICI Board comprises of the Chairman, Chief Executive, 3 directors, and five non-executive directors. Collectively, the Board is responsible for the success of the company. Through the Chief Executive, the Board delegates to management the overall performance of the company through the setting of clear objectives, building long-term management capability and ensuring that the business is managed in conformity with the business principles. Core businesses Core businesses of ICI comprise ICI Paints and the adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials operations of National Starch. These businesses serve diverse consumer and industrial markets through 40 strategic business units. These businesses are supported by Group functions that provide expertise in the disciplines of information technology, finance, human resources, operations, procurement, safety, security, and applied technology (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI Paints has some of the world's leading paint and decorative product brands. ICI makes products to prepare and care for many building materials, and provides coatings for cans and packages. It is headquartered in the UK and has operations in 25 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006). National Starch markets a broad array of products to various sectors such as food, healthcare and construction. It has four divisions that are grouped around adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials. National Starch is headquartered in the United States, and has manufacturing and customer service centres in 39 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI has a number of regional and industrial businesses, principal operations for which are located in Pakistan and Argentina. They include the manufacture of pure terephthalic acid, polyester, sulphur-related chemicals, wine chemicals and soda ash (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI is headquartered in the UK, with geographically diversified operations worldwide. Asia and Latin America account for 36% of sales, North America 33%, Europe 29%, and the rest of the world 2%. ICI's businesses have adopted a staffing policy whereby local nationals are typically hired. Total employee strength at ICI is 29, 130, of which 87% are located outside the UK. ICI Group has operations in more than 50 countries around the world. More than 60% of the Group's revenue comes from sectors which are believed to be non-cyclical in nature, such

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Role that race and ethnicity played in the evolution of the American Essay

Role that race and ethnicity played in the evolution of the American working class from the Spanish-American War to the eve of the Second World War - Essay Example In Spanish-American war, Cuba and Philippines were involved because these countries were the colonies of the Spain. American government helped fight the wars of these two countries against their colonizer which led to their victories. Having won the wars against Spain, America gained control over these countries and expanded its interest from Latin America to the Pacific. American economic interest also grew due to newfound alliance with the countries involved. It also opened doors for the Americans to trade with the other nations adjacent to these countries which mean free market and free taxes for the American capitalists and wider international markets. American economy soared high because of these reasons and American capitalist started looking for cheap workers for their growing businesses. Import and export businesses of basic commodities such as spices, wheat corn, cotton and other basic needs began to grow. After the war, middle class or working class started to come in Ameri ca due to expanding businesses and industries. Migration of Filipinos and Latin Americans started to grow due to open ports between America and countries of alliance. It has not stopped since then, and became the main composition of American working class today. Before the war, majority of the working class in America were African-American but after the war immigrant workers started to pour in from different parts of the globe. They saw America as a good opportunity to seek greener pastures and improve their lives that cannot be attained in their native country. Spanish-American war and the Second World War had a great impact on the American economy. Wider international market, rise in import export of basic commodities, more job opportunities and a promise of a better life were the reasons why immigrant workers started to flock in America. Aside from this American government had gained so much advantage in terms of political and economic aspects. Today American working

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Example for Free

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Durkheim tells that ‘social facts’ means nothing but sociological data. These facts are normal ways of thoughts and acting each member of society feels forced to conform. In these facts personal qualities of individuals are irrelevant. These ‘facts’ belong to the whole of thoughts, sentiments and actions; these cannot be reduced for the individuals in whose behavior they manifest themselves. In terms of individual psychology, collective believes and behavior can’t be explained by some tokens. Durkheim states that individuals want new social psychology, for only the social can explain the social. Durkheim persist that to understand on set of social phenomena, kinship and marriage are to be understood in field of economics, religion etc. This is the essence of functionalism. The above aspect of the work of French sociologist created the origin of the British social anthropologists. Thus, with the coming of ‘structural-functional’ school in Great Britain. In the real sense of development ‘modern social anthropology’ was emerged. At this time, students of Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown have provided new types of data. By the observed field data, Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown gave new guidelines to anthropology influenced by Emile Durkheim (Srivastava, 2005). Functionalism theory was developed by Bronislaw Malinowski who was influenced by Durkheim. Emile Durkheim says in his sociology as society is a unit and there is a necessity of perpetuation of society in itself. Malinowski theory of functionalism was developed based on Durkheim’s sociology. Malinowski treated Durkheimian as origin of his theory with the difference of cultural aspects in his method. Durkheim expanded his theory from the top down that means he discuss about social aspects first and the features of psychological are discussed after that and more part of that theory integrated with social facts. Though Malinowski developed the theory based on Durkheim’s theory, his theory is bottom up and elaborated from the psychological aspects to cultural aspects (Worsfold). The functionalism of Malinowski was very much synchronization with sociological theory of Durkheim. Durkheim together with some other authors such as Hubert, Mauss and often Malinowski writes L’Annee Sociologique and it was buildup with some imperative theoretical and methodological aspects of functionalism. The writings of Malinowski were unequivocally influenced by Durkheim. Malinowski (1944b:19) says â€Å"Durkheim for one-sided arguments, metaphysical bias and an idealistic vision of social reality†. But Malinowski saw Durkheim as the organizer of French Sociology and anthropology. Durkheim’s main context was the cultural phenomena. So it was more important to cultural aspects of Malinowski and Malinowski said â€Å"the full scientific understanding of culture as a specific phenomenon†. Malinowski still accepted the Methodological hypothesizes of Durkheim were very vital involvement in the improvement of social anthropology. Through the opinions and proceedings of Durkheim to sociological objects was balanced with the exertions of Malinowski (Ellen 1988). Marcel Mauss was the nephew and also student of Durkheim. He was developed sociology together with Durkheim. The inquiry of anthropology disturbed with the materials of social amalgamation tumble down from the activities of Durkheim who was the educator and French sociologist. This was passed from Durkheim to his student Mauss. Durkheim and Marcel Mauss are in the same way of sociology. But Mauss never wrote any book regarding to the subject of religion like Durkheim’s attempt in â€Å"The elementary forms† (James, Mauss Allen, 1998). Reference: Ellen,R. F. (1988) Malinowski between two worlds: the Polish roots of an anthropological tradition New York, NY: CUP Archive James, W. Mauss, M Allen, N. J. (1998) Marcel Mauss: a centenary tribute. Berghahn Books. Srivastava, A. R. N, (2005) Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Worsfold, A. Bronislaw malinowski (1884-1942). In change. freeuk. Retrieved from http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/socthink/malinowski. html

Monday, July 22, 2019

Case Study for Final Exam Essay Example for Free

Case Study for Final Exam Essay Green Cabs is an environmentally friendly taxi company in New Zealand which was founded in late 2007 by Callum Brown and three other partners. Green Cabs now operates a multi-million dollar business in three main centres of New Zealand – Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The company is also contemplating expanding into other areas with its distinctive bright green taxis. Callum Brown is the primary inspiration behind Green Cabs. However, you could argue that Al Gore provided the initial spark for Callum to start thinking about being more environmentally conscious personally. Callum is in his 30s and has spent 10 years working in information technology for various government departments and private sector companies as a business analyst. He grew up close to nature and enjoyed activities such as surfing and tramping. All these things kept Callum close to nature. Despite his love affair with nature, Callum was quite sceptical of climate change. He explains: I thought – how can you tell that there is global warming when we’ve only been taking recordings on temperature for the past whatever, how many years. Hence, it could be seen as fairly surprising that Callum founded a green business! This personal awakening was a direct result of watching Al Gore’s documentary, An Inconvenient Truth. Little did he know at this stage that a major business opportunity would come from his new environmental consciousness. The impetus for the business idea came when Callum was at work. He travelled extensively for work and consequently found himself catching a lot of taxis. It was on one such overnight trip to Auckland that he became aware of the huge amount of carbon emissions he was generating through travel. He elaborates: I sat there watching all the taxis come and drop people off and thought about the emissions and everything they were producing; there’s got to be a better way than this. Why is there no eco-friendly option and that was the light bulb moment, and saying, ah, why not? Following this light bulb moment, Callum contacted a former colleague who was  also a taxi driver. Together the pair set about establishing an environmentally conscious taxi service with two other partners. They struck the New Zealand taxi industry at what they called a lucky time. The government had just tightened legislation to make it consistent for all operators. The Land and Transport Authority was supportive and helpful in making sure everything the emerging Green Cabs did was in line with the new legislation. The Authority too was excited by what Green Cabs was hoping to achieve. Once started, Green Cabs experienced rapid growth and within six months had approximately 85 cabs and self-employed drivers and employed 15 support staff (mostly in its 24-hour call centre). Callum never had aspirations to become an entrepreneur, nor any experience in business ownership, but his extensive work background as a business analyst made him feel he was well equipped to investigate whether the Green Cabs idea would be successful. In fact, prior to coming up with the business idea Callum felt afraid of the risk involved in having his own business. However, once he had the idea, these risks vanished: I was so passionate about Green Cabs, once I had the idea, there were no perceivable risks for me. That was how strong the drive was to do it . . . It’s like I’ve never doubted for a moment that Green Cabs was going to succeed. It has. Any concerns Callum had about risk were dissipated when he took on a number of business partners to share the risk. These business partners all understood and were sympathetic to the worsening state of the environment and to Callum’s vision for the company. Callum’s vision resulted in a company which entered the taxi industry with the goal of achieving much more than a traditional taxi firm. Green Cabs wanted to force change, to preserve the environment and inform the public about climate change. This meant a whole new way of thinking about business and the principles of the business founders were intertwined with the business model. Green Cabs offers the same basic service as any other taxi company. The key difference is that it is an environmentally conscious company. The main means of the company being environmentally friendly is that its vehicles are hybrids (Toyota Prius). There are substantially fewer ongoing running costs in providing the service. Green Cabs passes these savings onto consumers and is therefore able to offer considerably lower prices than its competitors. It already is forcing change in the taxi industry with many competitors rapidly switching to hybrids  because they can see they will save on emissions a nd fuel costs. The difference between these competitors and Green Cabs is that those changing due to lower running costs do not necessarily have environmental concerns at the forefront of their decision making as does Green Cabs. Indeed, sceptics could argue that the competition is switching because it is losing market share to Green Cabs and is attempting to imitate the service. Therefore, Green Cabs has been successful in changing behaviour in the industry to being more environmentally friendly, but this has come at a cost to the business, as Callum explains: I have had such an impact on the market that I had planned, that they (competitors) are now switching. Now, from an environmental point of view, it’s fantastic that I could have that impact, but from a business point of view it’s not good. However, competitors are still failing to offset their carbon emissions whereas Green Cabs prides itself on being carbon neutral. To achieve this Green Cabs drives only the Toyota Prius, the car it considers to be the best option for lessening the impact on the environment. The remainder of its carbon emissions are ‘paid for’ by providing funding for trees to be planted (predominantly in the developing world). Green Cabs donates to ‘Trees for the Future’, an organisation that has already organised the planting of 50 million trees, which retrieve approximately a million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere annually (www.greencabs.co.nz). Green Cabs also ‘pays off’ its carbon debt prior to its accrual. That is, it calculates its future carbon footprint (down to the number of squares of toilet paper used) for the next year and funds the planting of sufficient trees to offset this before it emits the carbon. Although this is one of the key environmental strategies Green Cabs carries out, it actually is sceptical of buying carbon credits. This is because this carbon strategy essentially dispatches the problem to someone else; it does not help reduce the carbon in the atmosphere. As such, Green Cabs aims to both reduce carbon and offset before it accumulates. The business model of Green Cabs is based on the premise that the customer has a greater connection with the product or service. By using Green Cabs customers will feel part of a greater commitment to the environment and they will choose Green Cabs product over the competitors. As Callum notes, the  business model is win-win for both consumers and the environment: It is cheaper, it’s eco-friendly, it’s quieter, you’ve got a pleasant driver, we do a whole lot of feel good stuff as well. Give me a reason why you wouldn’t take a Green Cab. Green Cabs target market is the corporate sector and government departments. However, they pay tribute to the ‘grassroots’ support they have received. This is from people who have seen what Green Cabs are doing and even if their company has no agreement with Green Cabs, when they take a taxi they want it to be a Green Cab. Callum has also noted that younger people are more environmentally aware and appreciate the choice they are being offered in Green Cabs. One future development is for Green Cabs to install roof signs on their vehicles to promote the environment. These will not be advertising signs for businesses but to say something individuals can do for the environment. Green Cabs intend to use advertising space on their vehicles to promote the environment, not fizzy drinks or the like! FINDING BALANCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROFIT ‘For me anyway, it’s not just about turning a profit.’ – Callum Brown Finding a balance between profit and the environment can be a difficult one. To be successful in Callum’s view, you have to understand and have faith that doing things and sticking closely to the set of values that the company started with is what is going to bring success. Too much compromise for business then you will compromise the overall success of the business. The business might still be profitable but will not captivate the public into changing their behaviour regarding the environment. These environmental values are held firm by Green Cabs and are an underlying part of their distinctive business model. Callum elaborates: If we compromise on those values then that put us at risk of just being like any other taxi company out there and doesn’t set us apart. Following through on their commitment to the environment easy for Green Cabs and they suggest that other should look at the environment differently in their businesses. For example, Callum is frustrated by talk about how much it costs to offset carbon emissions. He suggests people fail to see that the whole process is a cost saving exercise. In becoming sustainable, businesses look at ways of reducing  electricity, travel and so forth. All of these areas can reduce a company’s carbon footprint while also reducing their overall costs. Their commitment to the environment is one side of the equation in Green Cab’s business model. The business must be sustainable and there are investors, franchisees and employees who expect returns from their input into the business. Callum is conscious of this need to make a profit, but he has some boundaries: I want to make some money but at the end of the day, I don’t even need a million dollars a year to live on . . . I really like my life in New Zealand, I like the things that I do and the things that I do don’t cost a lot of money. Callum has found that as the business has grown, more investors (such as potential franchisees) are becoming better aligned with his personal views on the environment. However, that is not necessarily the case for all employees of the company, as Callum notes: I have people working for me who don’t have necessarily the same value set. I mean they’ve got good values and wouldn’t be here if they didn’t but to the degree where mine are – no, they’re not anywhere near there. In April 2009, Green Cabs has grown to 16 employees and 104 drivers. The business has many opportunities to grow their business into other location and other services (e.g. courier services). As the business continues to grow Green Cabs are looking towards carbon neutral certification, and implementing ISO 14001 and 14064 certifications. The ongoing financial success of the company is also attracting more interest from other investors who are not necessarily focused primarily on the environment, but see Green Cabs as a solid investment opportunity.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Reasons Behind The Largest Corporate Scandal Of India Accounting Essay

The Reasons Behind The Largest Corporate Scandal Of India Accounting Essay Satyam means Truth and the truth was revealed very late in case of Indias one of the largest IT company, Satyam Computers Services Limited. By the time, Satyam fraud came to public light, Ramalinga Raju, the chairman of the company, had already committed Indias largest corporate fraud ever. The first section of essay will discuss the reasons behind the largest corporate scandal of India. It will discuss why people with billions in banks go corrupt. In this section, it will argue on the negligence and violation of duty by various elements involved in the wrongdoing. Then, the next section of essay will state some recommendations to avoid further frauds or scams. In the first section, we will discuss why big businessmen or rich people who are very famous and known to the world, sometimes, step out of line of honesty. By doing this, they break the trust of people and lose all their repute and name that they had gained by working hard in their lives. The first reason for their divergence from honesty to dishonesty is sense of ownership. If a person is the only owner or founder of the company, then he finds it easy to do what he wants with his business. He thinks that it is his business and money. Security of getting away with any wrongdoing makes him comfortable. He becomes unaware of the consequences and keeps on doing wrong things again and again. The owners and founders of companies, sometimes, dont like outer interference in their business and they do only what, they think is best in their interest. Hence, this sense of ownership, somehow, leads to greed. They dont think of other people who put their money in business. They justify themselves that they are permitted to do what they want with that money because it is their business. They just ignore the rights of other stakeholders who are involved in business too (Kaur and Mishra, 2010). Hence their unethical behaviour cost them a lot at the end because one day everybody comes to know about crime. In Satyam case, ownership structure of Indian companies is also responsible to some extent. The popularity of family owned businesses in India led to concentrated business control. In this system, independent directors agree to act in interest of family group. They just ignore the interests of the company and minority shareholders and act in the way that is best for their benefit. Some corporations are generally structured in a pyramid structure. The pyramid structure comprises of some separate business lines. Different businesses are considered as one entity and are controlled by one group at the top. Thus, they can transfer money from one entity to another as required (Winkler, 2010). Hence, it can lead to tunneling. Tunneling is a process in which a control group moves money from one company to another company, where they possess bigger share. Also, in pyramid structure, it is hard for outside shareholders to check inner performance of business entities (Winkler, 2010). Because of pyramid structure and consolidated control of the business, board of directors of Satyam didnt do their duty independently. They approved the purchase of family owned company of Chairman Mr. Raju, Maytas properties and Maytas Infrastructure. It was not an IT company and Mr. Raju had larger shares in Maytas than in Satyam. Thus, ownership structure of business impacted the performance of directors in another way (Winkler, 2010). Another reason for the professional misconduct of billionaire businessmen is the desire to do something different. Sometimes they think that they have achieved everything in their life, so what is next exciting job for them. Thus, the thrill of danger involved gives them the drive to do something unusual. So, they tend to try new things in their jobs to gain more advantage out of their business. Thus, gradually, this tendency leads to their deviation from right to wrong and they cant step back because they merge themselves in the offence to that extent that they fear to get exposed to the public. So they keep on doing that without expecting to get caught one day. Sometimes, people start their offence with small misconduct. To get benefit, they just try a mischief by manipulating the account books by little difference. They think that is very easy as they didnt get caught. So, next year they again do that to cover last years gap. Then, they feel uneasy to stop that as they dont know how to get out of this. Hence, they commit that mistake again and again until that mistake gets transformed to a blunder and then to a largest fraud. In case of Satyam, Ramalinga Raju had to overstate the income every quarter to cover the last gaps. When he finally disclosed the fraud, he mentioned, It was like riding a tiger, not knowing how to get off without being eaten (Winkler, 2010 pg 5). Thus, a small mistake led him to the edge, where he didnt know how to get back and he became convicted of the scam of billions. In a competitive corporate world, billionaires become prone to be more successful than their rivals. They become habitual of winning. So, when they perceive that next situation is not going to be in their favour, it hurts their sense of pride. Thus, they become ready to do anything to maintain their status and repute. They just forget that by choosing wrong way to success, their pride will sustain for short term. For the long term, they will have to pay for every wrong deed. Thus, all the above mentioned reasons together give an example of weak corporate governance of India. Personal greed of the chairman and negligence of duty by board of directors and the audit committee resulted in a worst scandal in Indian history. Now, the second section of essay will provide some implications to prevent these types of corporate frauds in future. After Satyam scandal, Indian regulators started working for the improvement in corporate governance of India. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is a main regulatory authority for Indias stock market (Afsharipour, 2009). It proposed some regulations that should be strictly followed by all companies to maintain good governance standards. But, still it is difficult for the corporate government of India to make changes in their standards in short period of time to prevent further frauds. Still, it can be achieved by facilitating strict enforcement of their rules. First of all, government should take initiative by being strict in its laws and regulations. Government can initiate this from the roots of crime, that is, bribery. They should punish the bribe givers and bribe takers. The persons, who give or take bribe for their own interests and grab the rights of other people involved in the business, deserve punishment. It will help to prevent further corruption as people will avoid it for the fear of strict punishment. If still any person is involved in any kind of fraud or scam, they should be sent to prison and their assets should be seized. They should make suffer hard so that in future nobody will feel secure or easy to get away with a crime. Also, there are some duties of companies towards their employees. Employees should be encouraged to whistle blowing. Whistleblowing helps to avoid and eliminate evil and to decrease the probability of misconduct and dishonesty in an organisation (Grace Cohen 2010). All the employees should be aware of the means that how can they disclose unethical behaviour of board member or any other person in the company without getting affected. This would create a strict and honest environment in the companies as everybody will be afraid of getting caught if they would chose to be corrupt. Also, to make this step successful, whistle blowers should firstly, provide full protection. That will encourage them to follow the moral behaviour and stand against evil. This practice will play an important role in the prevention of corruption and frauds. Moreover, to get best out of their workforce companies can encourage employees to buy some shares from the company. If employees have some shares in the c ompany, they are working; they will work for the best interest of the company. They will not favour any bribery and stand against evil in firm. Hence, it will lead to best corporate results. To avoid unethical behaviours in companies, business should be run on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. Under this concept, businesses become committed to behave ethically. In the companies, duties are performed morally towards contribution to economic development, while considering the interests of employees, all stakeholders and society as a whole (Ferrar, 2008). CSR works in long term interest of the company and it also increases companys reputation. Hence, a company working on the concept of CSR will have good quality workforce who will focus on the interests of all the people attached to the business. In corporations, there are two audit committees. First is internal audit committee that is comprised of independent directors of the company. They scan all the operations in the firm including income statements. They make sure that no unreliable and false information regarding financial report would be given to the shareholders (Solomon, 2007). They are responsible for the internal audit system. Hence they ensure the accuracy of all the operations inside the firm. External auditors are the auditors from outside the company. They review the performance of internal auditors, that is, they check internal audit functions. They scan companys whole financial reporting process (Afsharipour, 2009). In India, there is need for more clear functions of audit committees. There is need for more independence and better composition of internal auditors. More frequent meetings of audit committees should be encouraged. It will help in more effective internal control. Also, more meetings will help in effective judgement and decision making (Al-Mudhaki and Joshi, 2004). Moreover, an audit committee should not work with a company for more than five years. They should be changed after every five years, otherwise, they will get lazy working with same company and they might get involved with some people of company. That can affect their performance as auditors because their job needs total unbiasedness. Final check of the financial reports should be done by anonymous external auditors so that directors will not find any opportunity to bribe them. Hence, effective role of auditors is very necessary to avoid corporate failures. In India, corporate governance has been put into practice through clauses of Companies act 1956 (Farias, 2001). Companies Act in India has been drawn a lot from UK Companies Act 1948 (Afsharipour, 2009). But, still Indian Companies Act doesnt put more stress on the independence and qualification of board of directors and investor protection. In India, lack of independent and qualified directors leads to weak corporate governance. Most independent directors are the university professors or government officials. They show least interest in their duties and monitoring the performance of management. According to Zhang and Rajagopalan (2008), to ensure unbiasedness and quality of boardroom, foreign directors can be appointed. Also, India can open its market for foreign investors. Hence, independence of directors will ensure right and unbiased decision making and avoidance of any influence from anybody. India corporate governance needs to put great emphasis on transparency and disclosure. Transparency and disclosure are very necessary to eliminate corruption and to ensure precision of all the operations performed in a business (Zhang and Rajagopalan (2008). Corporations should not hide anything from the public. They should be transparent and clear in their operations and disclose their annual agendas every year. They should state clearly in the beginning of financial year what they are going to do and how they are going to use the shareholders money. Companies should work in favour of more voluntary disclosure. They should disclose their balance sheet position more than once a year, perhaps twice. This will help to avoid mismanagement of account books. If there would any falsification in the statements of balance sheet then it will be prevented on time. Hence, transparency and disclosure in business adds up to the value and quality of operations in the business. Companies will be mo re honest and true in their approaches leading to achievement of good corporate governance standards. Reaction of American government to Enron scandal resulted in Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) in 1992 which holds lots of reforms in corporate governance in America. SOA put great emphasis on certification system in corporations. According to this act, each quarterly and annual report must be certified by CEO and CFO of the company (Pinto Branson, 2009). They should review the financial reports themselves and should take responsibility. This law has been adopted by Indian Companies Act in Clause 49 but it doesnt put criminal liability in case of fake or wrong statement (Afsharipour, 2009). So, absence of criminal liability means there will not be any fear of law in people and they can easily alter the financial statements. There is no benefit in implementing a regulation with no strict criminal law on the violation of that regulation. Hence, if any law is implemented by the regulators, it should be strengthened with penalties, in case if somebody dares to break those laws. It will help to i nstall fear of law in minds of people so that they wont even think to go against laws in a corporation. Failure of Indian Judicial System to settle corporate conflicts is another reason for weak corporate governance in India (Afsharipour, 2009). Delays in making decisions in judiciary process often led to ignorance of issues. Hence, judiciary processes in India are strongly criticised because of their negligence of judicial system. Thus, more steps should be taken towards the reforms in Judiciary System. This will help in timely resolving of corporate disputes and ensure the effective corporate governance standards. Ministry of Company Affairs (MCA) is government regulatory body and Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is independent securities regulator. Since creation of SEBI in 1992, there have been continuous conflicts between SEBI and MCA. (Afsharipour,2009). Simultaneous exercise of all legislative responsibilities by both regulatory bodies is increasing tension between SEBI and MCA. This conflict and competition between two groups is putting hindrance on the way of corporate governance reforms. SEBI adopted most of the legislative regulations but implemented few of them. Both of the groups have least focus on corporate governance regulations and more focus on undermining each other. So, authorisation of SEBI and MCA on the regulations in the companies should be managed effectively so as to resolve conflict between both groups. Both of the groups should work in harmony for the strict implementation of all the regulations and thus, it will further help to achieve better standards for t he corporate governance. Apart from these reforms, one thing that builds the foundation of the corporate governance is the ethics of people. So, it should be reformed from the roots. That is, students should be taught ethics in schools (Kaur and Mishra, 2010). Especially in a country like India, there is need for the honest and ethical people. Introduction of ethical education in schools would strengthen the roots of corporate governance. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to take revolutionary steps for the governance reforms to prevent corporate failures due to scandals. Hence, as no business can operate in a vacuum, directors have some fiduciary responsibilities towards stakeholders. If directors step out of line of honesty, they should be punished. The first part of essay identified some reasons for convergence in behaviour of billionaires that leads to large corporate frauds. The second part of essay provided some recommendations for corporate governance reforms which would help to prevent frauds in companies. After analysing all the points, this essay puts great emphasis on the implementation of strict laws against corruption. This would mark the prevention of debacles like Satyam for a longer time in the future. Word count: 2650

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Argument-based Homicide In Ame :: essays research papers fc

Argument-based Homicide in America Feeling alienated by fellow classmates, two students at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO who referred to themselves as the Trench Coat Mafia went on a rampant killing spree which took the lives of themselves, twelve other students and one teacher (Obmascik 1). This incident caused an immediate plea for more socially responsible communities, assuming that greater moral values would curb the likelihood of these argument-related homicides. This relies on the notion that greater social organization will lead to a decrease in the rate of crime. Dov Cohen, in her article "Culture, Social Organization, and Patterns of Violence" shows that in the West (which includes Colorado) and South, where a culture of honor persists, there is a higher rate of argument-related homicide that in other areas of the country (the North). More specifically, in the South and West, more organized societies have a higher rate of argument-related homicides than less stable ones. Argument-related homicides are far more prevalent in the South and West than they are in the North (Cohen 412). This is not merely supported by the number of argument-related homicides in the given regions, but also by the beliefs within the cultures. Southerners and Westerners support honor-related violence more than Northerners and also react more aggressively when insulted (Cohen 408). In addition, laws in the South and West are more likely to support those who use violence consistent with honor (Cohen 409). For these reasons, it is hardly surprising that argument-related homicide is more common in these regional locations. The more stable communities within these regions are more likely to be on the extreme sides. The morals ingrained in the more stable Northern communities do not find this behavior acceptable and argument-based homicide is therefore more common in less stable communities. The opposite is true in the South and West. The stronger communities condone these actions and they become more common than in those places that are morally more blasà ©. Nevertheless, the most striking difference is the regional difference between the communities of the South and West and the communities of the North. The correlation between the homicides in more stable and less stable communities for the given regions is striking. In the North, the homicide rate per 100,000 for white males ages 15-39 is 4.7 in a stable community and 6.7 in an unstable community (Cohen 412). In the South and West, however, the numbers are much higher.

The Evolution of Ichthyosaurs- Large Aquatic Reptiles Essay -- Anthrop

The Evolution of Ichthyosaurs- Large Aquatic Reptiles In the early 1800’s, a new discovery that left paleontologists in awe was the fossil finding of the immeasurable amount of species of reptiles, Ichthyosaurs. Greek for â€Å"fish lizards†, these fossils were found all over the world. Because these large aquatic reptiles migrated just as whales do today, paleontologists have had the amazing advantage of collecting fascinating bone fragments throughout the past 177 years. Ichthyosaurs swam the ocean life from about 245 million until about 90 million years ago- approximately the same time dinosaurs ruled the land. The earliest Ichthyosaur fossil findings were in parts of Canada, China, Japan, and possibly Thailand. Countless fossils came from coatings of limestone produced out of the ocean-floor ooze that was predominantly superior at preserving very well facts of the creatures it digested (Perkins 2). Andrea Fildani and Michael Shultz, graduate students in the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, uncovered the bones of an Ichthyosaur near the southernmost tip of Chilean Patagonia. These rock layers were initially deposited at the floor of an ocean more than 100 million years ago. In their findings of the Chilean boulder, they were fortunate enough to find 17 vertebrae along with neural arches that encircle the spinal cord as well as some ribs. Paleontologists firmly agreed with Fildani’s notion that the bones had been 8 to 9 feet long and had existed around 140 million years ago (Mason 1). As time progressed, Ichthyosaurs transitioned their body like features from a lizard-shaped body plan to a fish-shaped one through the early and middle Triassic periods. In 1927, the first bone fragments were foun... ...tyles in Jurassic ichthyosaurs†. Journal of Vertebrae Paleontology 21 (No. 1): 61-73. Mason, Betsy. â€Å"Ichthyosaur find may challenge notions about prehistoric migrations†. Stanford Report.com 7 February 2003. 20 March 2004. < http://news service.stanford.edu/news/2003/february12/ichthyosaur-25.html> Motani, Ryosuke. â€Å"Rulers of the Jurassic Seas†. ScientificAmerican.com 19 December 2000. 22 March 2004. Perkins, Sid. â€Å"Sea Dragons†. Science News Online 162 (No. 8): 1-11. 24 Aug. 2002. Pickrell, John. â€Å"Ichthyosaur’s Turtle Supper Causes Extinction Debate†. National Geographic News.com 5 August 2003. 22 March 2004.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Tropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Essay -- Rainf

Tropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Abstract Rainforests are the predominant natural vegetation throughout the wet tropics. The defining characteristics of a tropical rainforest are temperature and rainfall. Wherever temperature is high enough and rainfall heavy and regular enough, there is rainforest (Bagheera, 1996). Tropical rainforests of all kinds once covered approximately 14 percent of the Earth’s surface, more than eight million square miles (Conservation International, 1998); forming an equatorial green belt around the Earth rich in diverse plant and animal species. Humans have already destroyed half of this forest area, with most damage occurring in the last 200 years (Bagheera, 1996). In 1987 alone an estimated 20 million acres of Brazilian rainforest were cut and burned (Miller & Tangley, 1991, in Kricher, 1997). At the current rate of deforestation, within 177 years all tropical rainforests on Earth could be gone (Kricher, 1997). The effects of this massive deforestation have already begun to influence the planet. Among the many threats of tropical deforestation, global warming is perhaps one of the most severe. For this reason, a look tropical deforestation and its effects on global climate change will be the focus of this paper. Introduction Tropical deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest, usually converting it into other less biodiverse, unsustainable ecosystems. Deforestation is often done for short-term profit at the expense of long-term sound economic and ecological policy (Kricher, 1997). Many factors have attributed to the destruction of rainforests especially over the last two decades. Rainforests are being cut and burned for agric... ...ientific American. Oct. 1998 issue. Internet source: http://www.sciam.com Holloway, M. 1993. Sustaining the Amazon. Scientific American. Vol. 269(1): 90-99. Karl, T.R.; Nicholls, N. & Gregory, J. 1997. The Coming Climate. Scientific American 276(5): 78-83. Kricher, J. 1997. A Neotropical Companion. Princeton University Press. 451 pages. Myers, N. 1984. The Primary Source. W.W. Norton & Company. 399 pages. Rietbergen, S. 1993. The Earthscan Reader in Tropical Forestry. Earthscan Publications, Ltd. London. 328 pages. Unknown. Conservation International. Internet source: http://www.conservation.org/web.aboutci.rffacts.htm. Unknown. Concise Experimental Plan, written by the LBA Science Planning Group (NASA). Provided by Michael Goulden. Wheeler, Q. 1995. Bioscience. Supplement volume, 1995. Pages S21-27.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime Essay

In the article Inequality: Causes and Consequences, Kathryn M. Neckerman and Florencia Torche discuss the existing patterns, causes and consequences of economic inequality in the United States, including inequality of earnings, wealth, and opportunity. Their research refers to the social and political causes and consequences of inequality in such areas as â€Å"health, education, crime, social capital, and political power† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 335). In addition, they discuss world inequality, exploring the major inequality trends across different nations. The researchers of this article have the major goal – to help readers to better understand the roots of this social problem and its effects on people, organizations and labor markets. In fact, economic inequality in the United States constitutes a social problem which required the appropriate solutions. According to George Ritzer (2004), â€Å"problems associated with economic inequality are closely linked to the level of development, with inequality being a far greater problem in developed nations than in less developed countries† (p. 10). Undoubtedly, such social problem as economic inequality can be found both in developed and developing countries. In the United Sates, this issue is of great importance as the American nation is based on the principle: all people are created equal and should be treated equally. Most Americans believe that they are a part of the middle class that command a large part of American society. However, today there is an evidence of certain economic differences between the rich and the poor, although the United States provides equal opportunities for personal development. According to Neckerman and Torche (2007), in the United States, the obvious economic disparities started to rise in the1970s, while the increased economic disparities can be easily identified today. One of the sociological researches, the long-term Luxembourg Income Study of 2000, proves the fact that economic inequality is much higher in the United States than in other industrialized countries. And â€Å"only two industrialized countries, Mexico and Russia have more income inequality than the United States† (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147). It has been found that the lower class10% of American population has become extremely poor, while the upper class 10% has become extremely wealthier. The increased income inequality is closely connected with the changes in the economic system of the United States. The research shows that 80% of Americans work in service and retail occupations which pay lowers wages in comparison with the manufacturing jobs that â€Å"once dominated the US economy† (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147). In addition, practically all economic divisions try to replace well-paid permanent workers with lower-paid part-time workers. Thus, the above mentioned changes combined with declining level of union membership and â€Å"a stationary minimum wage† has contributed to the lower incomes of poor and working class Americans. The primary patterns and causes of inequality in the United States based on the article Inequality: Causes and Consequences are focused on the three areas of inequality: inequality in wealth, inequality of opportunity and wage inequality. The authors of the article pay special attention to the recent trends and are based on the major factors that are driving distributional outcomes in the United States. To start with, one of the major causes of inequality in the United States is wage inequality which remains stable despite economic crisis. High skilled employees get higher wages than unskilled workers. In addition, inequality matters in contemporary society help to better understand the differences in economic well-being of all Americans. The authors of the article believe that inequality at one point in time may affect inequality in the next generation, what gives explanation to the issue of equality of opportunity, or the so-called social mobility (Neckerman, & Torche, 2007, p. 39). One more cause of inequality in the United States is inequality in wealth. Today â€Å"wealth is more unevenly distributed than income,† according to Neckerman and Torche (2007, p. 338). In the United States, wealth inequality is connected with the increase of states by the well-paid employees. In fact, wealth increase is one of the basic motivators of behavior of Americans. As wealth is concentrated in the hands of the smaller part of the population, wealth inequality can be viewed as one of the most important causes of inequality in the United States. I support the above mentioned causes and patterns of inequality in the United States because the authors’ ideas are based on the reliable sources, such as numerous sociological and economic researches conducted by the experts in economic issues and based on the proper statistical data. Moreover, the causes of inequality represented in the article have already been identified by many economists and sociologists. Finally, I support the causes and patterns of inequality provided by the authors of the article because they are similar to my personal views and ideas on this subject. For example, I believe that wage inequality in the United States is affected by the following factors: the increased international trade and considerable technological changes, the growth of immigration and improved training practices and education. It is clear that the increased international trade and technological improvements in all ranges of human activity require highly skilled workers, promoting wage inequality. In addition, increased level of immigration of unskilled workers â€Å"results in a decrease in the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers†(Carbaugh, 2011, p. 3). This fact means that immigration promotes wage inequality in the United States. Wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers can be reduced due to the adequate education and training of workers. Thus, my ideas concerning the major causes of inequality in the United States are similar to the authors’ ideas. Economic inequality in the United States may have a number of consequences not only for the country’s economy, but also for all Americans. According to Neckerman and Torche (2007), economic inequality in the US society may â€Å"reinforce privilege among the affluent and disadvantage among the poor, reinforcing economic inequality in the next generation† (p. 340). This fact means that children from low income families can get less education and their earnings in adulthood will be lower. It is necessary to agree with this consequence of economic inequality because today many children from poor families have no chance to get good education and, as a result, they have low level of education. Without parental support, it is very difficult to get a good education. Children have to pay for their education. In case parents do not provide financial support to their children, they have to find a job in order to pay for their studies at colleges or universities. In addition, economic inequality may lead to poor health of a particular population. The authors of the article state that social inequality has negative consequences for human health because â€Å"it undermines social capital, or because it is associated with poorer social welfare provisions or other institutional arrangements that disadvantage the poor† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 341). In fact, there may be some other effects on human health, such as direct and indirect effects of stress on human health (alcohol/drug abuse, depression, mental disorders, etc. ). This fact is true because if an individual has no money to buy medication, food and services, he/she will not be able to improve health. There is clear evidence that poverty and economic inequality may lead to health problems, according to Ichiro Kawachi, who links economic inequality to mortality (2000, p. 86). Finally, economic inequality in the United States has negative consequences for social order. According to the recent researches and theories, the individual’s decision to commit a crime is often â€Å"driven by the potential criminal’s calculation of expected returns; in this framework, inequality may raise the expected returns from property crime† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 343). It is necessary to agree with this statement as economic inequality is closely connected with criminal behavior of individuals. According to the frustration-aggression theory, income inequality can be viewed as â€Å"the major source of frustration† (Pare, 2006, p. 9). Many individuals in our society want to assess and compare the level of their happiness with others. This unavoidable social comparison process means that â€Å"dissatisfaction with income inequality leads to frustration and violence† (Pare, 2006, p. 9). When looking at economic inequality worldwide, the key issues that researchers should be concerned with, are based on more economic global change, economic growth in some countries and declines in other countries. I believe that the majority of developing countries will be left behind in an ever growing global economy. It has been found that most researchers are focused on the study of disparities within the United States and other industrialized nations. Many developing countries which face economic inequality are not discussed in the media. It is very important to explore global inequality and its consequences for all nations. It is clear that disparities across nations may lead to conflicts and misunderstanding. Neckerman and Torche (2007) discuss some possible consequences of global inequality, including â€Å"relative deprivation, the concentration of power† (p. 346). Grahame F. Thompson (2007) explores the relationships between the growing international economy, global inequality and globalization processes and states that â€Å"there is no single and correct way to measure global inequality† (p. 182). In fact, global inequality is a rather complex phenomenon which cannot be described without evaluation of the consequences of the global economic growth. One of the economists, Stanley Fischer, considers that there are two contradictory trends in global inequality. Actually, he states that global inequality between different nations was increasing during the period of 1980 – 2000. In order to decrease global inequality, the poor countries would have had to experience much â€Å"higher rates of economic growth than rich countries† (Thompson, 2007, p. 178). On the other hand, he states that if rich countries continue to grow faster than poor countries, then global inequality would increase. In addition, global inequality is affected by globalization. Many globalization critics point out to the fact that globalization has worsened global inequality, while the defenders of globalization state the opposite. As global inequality refers to the disproportionate distribution of income and wealth across all nations, different nations have unequal benefits from economic operations. According to Ritzer (2004), global inequality increases because the poor nations obtain a smaller part of a fixed per capita income for the world, what leads to the rise of poverty. However, there is clear evidence that globalization can compress global inequality. In fact, globalization leads to the faster diffusion of production technologies to poorer nations, what leads to reduction of global income inequality. The existing global inequality is the result of uneven regional growth rates during the past centuries, when the majority of Western countries moved ahead, while many Asian and African lagged behind. Today sociologists have learned much about economic inequality. However, there are still many questions about the major causes of economic inequality in today’s environment. The empirical studies show considerable changes in the minimum wage and union membership, as well as other institutional factors that affect economic inequality. It has been found that economic inequality is a complex phenomenon that influences the lives of all individuals in the world. The rise in economic inequality is not a transitory process, and it has certain implications for social and political life, health, crime, educational attainment and other consequences. The researchers have found that the major patterns and causes of economic inequality in the United States are inequality in wealth, wage inequality and inequality of opportunities. In addition, a considerable increase in immigration over the past 20 years increased income disparities in the United Sates. According to the recent research, the majority of immigrants come from poor countries to the United States in order to find a well-paid job. One more factor of economic inequality is different education attainment of individuals. The US Census Bureau indicates that occupational achievement of individuals and the ability to perform tasks with the use of scarce skills provide higher incomes. Thus, education remains one of the major factors that influence income distribution, there by having a considerable effect on economic inequality. Global inequality may have certain implications for international relations, as well as it may increase relative deprivation among nations. Besides, global inequality may have social and political consequences, â€Å"depending on the individual’s perception and interpretation of inequality, mediated by social relations, institutions and cultural context† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 351). Thus, a number of solutions have been suggested that would support a more equal or fair economic environment within the United States and worldwide. First of all, it would be better to reduce inequalities in earnings. In order to reduce inequalities in income, it is required to develop and implement the appropriate policies, such as introducing a minimum wage at a reasonable level, reducing unemployment in the United States and worldwide, adopting progressive taxation system, according to which â€Å"tax rate should be increased with the increase of income level†, redistributing labor resources more effectively, providing total control over the existing monopoly prices, providing social security policies, such as pensions, unemployment allowances, etc. (Jain & Khanna, 2007, p. 66). Secondly, wealth inequality should be reduced through effective taxation system. According Mott Tracy (2010), â€Å"wealth inequality is much more severe than income inequality and is the major contributor to income inequality† (p. 136). The individuals, who have accumulated wealth, should be ready to pay wealth taxes. Thirdly, inequality of opportunity should be eliminated through effective strategies, such as providing equal opportunity to getting education, healthcare services, etc. (Becker, p. 137). In fact, many nations realize the importance of equal opportunity today, and try to make opportunity accessible to all members of society.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Moonfleet

son and Man Convicted of Stealing keister Trenchard and Elzevir Block, tricked into confine by ill-considered honesty By Sierra Volpe John Trenchard, immediately 29 years of age, was sentenced to jail for life when he was tricked into false identity along with Elzevir Block, now dead. According to Sir Aldobrand, old merchant, John and Elzevir were attempting to divert a very gracious adamant that John claimed to be his.Now, what we name egress was a behind the scenes exclusive. John and Elzevir went on a great, long heroic pilgrimage in order to find thatched roofs treasure. They went from macrocosm wanted of false murder, to organism rich with Blackbeards, tell to be cursed, diamond, then to being wanted again and sentenced to life. Fifteen to xiv years ago, John was at Elzevirs side while he was closely to kill Magistrate Maskew on the undercliff of Moonfleet Bay.A few hitman shots went off and Maskew got shot in school principal and John got shot in the infantry wh ich caused a break in his leg, forcing him by means of tough struggles kindred trying to walk up the Zig-Zag, being disguised as sailors to get to England and to Sir Aldorand, and stayed in the cave where they found kind of a clue of how to get to their next last the castle.According to my research it was said that John was being carried down the well in the castle and exactly 80 feet into the well they found the cursed diamond. So I further proved to you, with all the imformation from Detective Lucas, that John and Elzevir were NOT guilty. Aldobrand clearly lied and tricked the enunciate into sentencing them to jail just so he could have the diamond all to himself.

Modern Technology in Daily Life

Can you hypothecate a world without engineering? Well, back thuslyce they had no entry to any type of electronic. As time went by, electronics has changed over time and workd early(a)s, especially friendly life. Now technology such as image games and cellular devices has affected us both positively and negatively. Sometimes when you disturb bored or give in a break you start to play your smartphones. You cow chip Instagram, schoolbooking your friends, or start to play games. But then you realize you spend more time on your phone than doing what you were suppose to do before. Phones arsehole be a negative and positive influence in your life.A positive effect of cell phones is that they establish revolutionized chat and made it easier to contact well-nighone exactly at the moment that we need. Also, phones offer features that abide many other benefits. A negative effect on phones is that you get off track and when you try to concentrate again, you flush toiletnot nidu s or even remember what you were doing. In addition, the deficiency of communication with your family and friends increases. You tend to talk to them through text instead of talking to each other. Smartphones can be a tool of convenience, but at the uniform time they can be a distraction.The meshing is so popular nowadays that about everyone uses it. It can be accessed by users Now that we have access to internet in almost everywhere, it can be an advantage and a disadvantage. What are they? The internet on hostelry is that it provides the ability to access unlimited tuition and it excessively allows you connect and interact with your friends worldwide. Consequently, internet can include the difficulty to remove information when you lack to and it can be an absence of communication as well just like using phones. many some other(prenominal) people have been downloading practice of medicine and other procure materials for free.This lead to a negative impact of music indust ries and several lawsuits. The internet is another factor that influence social life today. Whether good or bad, television set has been in our lives for a long time. Some cerebrate its a harm to our society and some think its a great invention. telly provides a variety of information that includes the news, advertisements, and events. It can also provide lots of entertainment such as music, comedy, drama, shows, and movies straight to home. It is very convenient and an affordable technology to use. On the other hand, television may have gaga action films that increases crime rate andviolent acts in people. Some can be given into watching TV and decrease the amount of exert causing people to be obese. Television is another aspect in our society that affects us greatly.Technology and electronics have been changing a lot through the previous(prenominal) several centuries and have a great fellowship in the society today. Some can be disadvantages and advantages to us. Critical te chnology such as television, cellular devices and the internet changed through small ideas and change the world. In conclusion, whether if it is good or bad, technology had changed the people and the society worldwide extremely.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

O-Fold Essay

1. As a originateage of the prudence team, how would you grapple statistical distri scarcelyion and merchandise of the O-Fold?inside the text I actually wish the entropy and tertiary choice of distribution, which was deprivation an online street or advertizing I foreshorten going powder stores. Although the adverting in magazines pickaxe is appealing when it comes charge to it I fag egresst press out it would nominate as umpteen raft as online distribution. I would chose to compel a website and circularise the O-Fold fruit by means of in that location. Creating a website would be exceedingly be rough-and-ready. I conceptualize there ar plain whatsoever sites you nates social function for leave awayice, much(prenominal) as weebly.com. However, this alternative is uncivilized because grocerying would tolerate to be in truth effective in edict to retrovert the melody he is spirit for.Since the appeal of a website is low, he should enumerate publicise in run short magazines. He in all probability would non use up monolithic ad space, which would alleviate with the cost. If he could prepargon a splendid parting in the thresh rough heart magazine on aircrafts with the friendship to his website, that could be a honour head start bespeak. approximately separatewise survival of the fittest is sayment on other broad online divvy up sites, such as Amazon.com who straighta route curbs consumers an election to purchase provides from other retailers by providing a tie to that result on their site.2. At what points should Alex meditate fetching on supererogatory counselling? What positions should he busy and in what hostelry? hold your answer.I am a champ of Alex crawl-walk-run strategy. I bring forward initially he should teammate with his comrade and dissemble to make the convergence to stringher and sell online by dint of a website he reachs. This way he privy engag e an composition of how he atomic number 50 affect with next travel and be subject to create a condescension contrive to display to petulance investors. at a succession he sack seal turned the investment bills funds he should bring on a gross revenue and marketplaceing autobus. This is unmatched of the roughly authorized positions in a company. Alex ineluctably to begin somebody with baffle got in trades and marketing, excessly non having implement himself. Hes already contemplating una alike excerpts in this playing field soulfulness who has worked in this discussion section flock give him substantial examples of the outcomes and weigh in on the vanquish finding for O-Fold.Next, after he gets an investment, he should go with the outsourcing route. He already had a connection to guide a b wide of employees. He provide ask to sine qua non a lover to administrate the merchandise of these employees, and withal a clement Resources han dler since he pull up stakes confound employees. He cannot manage every topic himself so a levelheaded scene for the productions manager would be his brother since he should have a sound mind by hence of how to create the items.3. What are some garb strategies you would hire utilizing in nightspot to get the O-Fold to market? Do you jib with Alexs determine point?I would cut into freehanded a special bell to initiatory while customers, or a brush aside when purchase much(prenominal) accordingly hotshot O-Fold at the early(a) stages of marketing. Alex give involve to be free-enterprise(a) and the offset thing that customers plausibly encounter for is heavy deals. If he creates a website and is directing plenty there through and through advertising he should chasten to close the sale with a discount rate. An option would be primary time users get free deportation, or $5 off shipping. Customers get more then wholeness could take up $5 off their second purchase. I like the 123 percent market with the outsourcing options at $12.50 However, that would unaccompanied if be secure at wholesale, so he should monetary value his products per item at $25, and turn the discount for the start-off nose candy customers. He does not need to advertise the part about it only universe for the first atomic number 6 customers but he should price out shipping cost for coke masses or cost of fine-looking discounts and set a budget for it.