what lead to federation essays

what lead to federation essays THE ISSUES THAT LED TO THE FEDERATION OF AUSTRALIA From about 1850 1890 there was a strong movement for a federation of the colonies. In about 1857, a Victorian committee stated that a federal union would be in the interest of all the growing colonies. However, there was not enough interest or enthusiasm for taking positive steps towards bringing the colonies together. Some people thought that the rivalry that existed between the colonies was too strong to be able to come to any agreement. Calls for greater unity grew louder as the century progressed and several reasons began to stand out as significant in the push for a federation between the colonies. Some of the reasons for federation to take place included, defense, transport, communication, the desire for white Australia and the economic advantages to be gained. Defense was raised as an issue from the 1880s. Each colony had its own defense force and was heavily reliant on the British navy for protection. European countries were taking interest in the area and there was concern that there may be a need for a stronger and more unified defense force. Colonial government knew that it would be difficult to stop other European nations from setting up colonies. When Germany occupied the Northern part of New Guinea, some people believed that a united Australia could have kept Germany out all together. Through a federal union of the colonies, there were economical advantages to be gained. The tariff policies of the different colonies were progressively more irritating to business people. Under a federation, these would be removed and free trade would lessen the costs of production and open up new markets. Some politicians believed that the business and government of other countries, particularly Britain, would be more willing to invest and grant loans to a united Australia rather than to individual colonies. ...

Dissertation Help

Dissertation Help Dissertation Help Dissertation Help Welcome to our blog!  Read the following strategies for clear thesis dissertation writing: Stay focused on the point. It is surprising how often a sentence or a paragraph can wander aimlessly. Ask yourself, 'What is this sentence/paragraph about?' and 'What do I try to say?' Be critical, very critical, of what you write in dissertation because your dissertation examiners will be! Write in whole sentences (except for headings). Each sentence should be grammatically correct and thematically justifiable. Lack of careful dissertation editing creates an impression that many students write much worse than they speak. A good dissertation test of whether a sentence is complete is to ask yourself, 'Could I say this to an audience during the formal lecture?' Dissertation statements that are incomplete, emotional or not supported are usually not suitable for a formal lecture. Similarly, they are unlikely to be appropriate for your MBA dissertation. Use linking sentences and paragraphs. Linking sentences are useful because they build a bridge to the next paragraph and, therefore, maintain coherency and flow. Linking paragraphs are also useful at the end of a chapter, usually after a summary paragraph, inviting dissertation reader to summarize what has been just read and introduce the next chapter. Linking sentences such as 'The preceding analysis has demonstrated - can summarize your dissertation argument and build a bridge to the next dissertation section or chapter. Dissertation Proposal Avoid double negatives. While the preceding sentence is true, the accumulation of negatives makes the sentence difficult to follow. Positive statements such as 'Avoiding double negatives makes it easier to follow the flow of an argument' are much easier for dissertation reader to understand. Be aware of prescriptive language. This site is written in prescriptive language ('you should'), but dissertation papers should not be. Junior research students are often tempted to make sweeping judgments ('managers should ..., 'good researchers must ). Your dissertation writing should include more prudent language such as 'the evidence supports ... or 'such a view reinforces... or 'the divergent theories suggest ..., Broad statements invite a critical dissertation examiner to think of occasions that are not very knowledgeable on the issue. .Com You may request professional dissertation help at our site.   Out writers are capable of impressing you with depth of research, professional presenting, and diligent work. We are open for communication and we guarantee excellent results. It means that we provide qualitative dissertation help, not quantitative.   It would not be true if we say that we do not care about the number of orders, we do. However, we are focused on the quality in the first place.   We are able to provide dissertation help and we are available 24/7!

Living with Diabetes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Living with Diabetes - Assignment Example The researcher states that his friend did get remission from diarrhea; however her family physician asked her to get blood checked in the laboratory for parasites, hemoglobin, leukocytes count and cholesterol level. On seeing blood report, a doctor said that her fatigue was not due to lack of hemoglobin. The doctor also measured her blood pressure to check if she suffered from hypertension; however, both the readings were normal. Her blood report described above normal sugar levels. Those who suffer from diabetes face risk of developing several health complications such as stroke leading to cardiac arrest and amputation. Since she was suffering from shortness of breath and no infection was apparent, the doctor sent her to a cardiologist to check if her cardiogram is normal. Doctor recommended her some diet changes and asked her to take nutritious food. Unfortunately, yesterday only she missed steps while coming down and got her ankle sprained. Observing inflammation on her right ankl e and her inability to walk, the physician thought about medical triage to provide her relief and reduce her trauma. Physiologist also wanted to check if the incident could lead to any kind of myopathy in associated leg muscles so that timely action can be taken.

What organisational forms are best suited to develop innovation Use Essay

What organisational forms are best suited to develop innovation Use relevant theoretical approaches and illustrative exemples in your answers - Essay Example Organisational forms are dependent on the resources and technology available in a given situation. Other factors include the state’s resources and role, the development of the economy, the political development, technological advancement, and similar other forces. Emergence of organisational forms also depends on three factors: 1.) technological advancement with a corresponding social structural support; 2.) power and wealth available in a given situation; and 3.) the development of labour markets. (Aldrich, 2008, p. 177) This essay will discuss aspects and factors of organisational forms that are best suited to innovations. Innovation takes place when there is a â€Å"new element or a combination of old elements† (Schumpeter, 1934 cited in Sundbo, 2003, p. 98). Globalisation paved the way for new organisational forms. This was further enhanced with the popularity of the internet, information technology and the information revolution. Many organisations have followed the horizontal set-up, freeing some reins of power to their branches and subsidiaries, while some have followed the traditional form or the vertical set up, micro-managing their branches through technology. Organisations have to continuously introduce innovations in this age of intense globalisation. Changes and innovations have to be applied on marketing strategies, product orientation, HRM practices, and many other organisational strategies. Employees have to be prepared, trained and developed. Some strategies are institutionally programmed although change has to be spontaneous. Workers have to study and learn and hold the opportunity of lifelong learning. Companies attain competitive edge through constant innovation. The first periods of the new century marked profound shifts in organisation’s strategies with aims for talents, technologies and customer focus and loyalty (Venkatraman and Henderson, 2008, p. 258). Organisations keep constant contact with

The Creation of a Common Market for Financial Services in the European Union Essay Example for Free

The Creation of a Common Market for Financial Services in the European Union Essay Of all the global achievements in the last 50 years, economic integration in Europe may be considered as the most notable of all. From a continent separated by war and differences in culture, Europe has proceeded to become an economic and political leader today. The formation of the European Union (EU), the accession of the 15 European countries to the Community, and the introduction of a single currency which were all deemed too difficult have all become realities, proving skeptics that there is hope for a united Europe. From the beginning, the idea behind united Europe centered on economic prosperity. While conflicts in European countries were political in nature, it was almost always related to resource allocation. The signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 signaled the start of a gradualist approach to building the European Union as we know today. By preventing the establishment of monopolies, enabling the creation of common policies and granting commercial privileges to the colonies of the Member States, the Treaty of Rome put into motion the progressive economic integration which in turn, led to the longer term objective of political union in the continent (Ocana 2003). The Treaty of Rome paved the way for the creation of a common market wherein persons, services and capitals can freely move across borders. Yet, despite the freedom of establishment set out in Article 43, the freedom to provide cross border services as provided by Article 49 and the free movement of capital espoused by Article 59 (European Council 1957), the focus in these early years were mainly on the abolition of tariffs and excise taxes. Following the recession in the early 1980s (also termed as eurosclerosis), the Heads of States have decided to complete the plans for an internal market. As early as 1985 the potential of a common market for financial services was already recognized. In the 1985 White Paper published by the Commission of the European Communities, it said: â€Å"In the Commission’s view, it is no exaggeration to see the establishment of a common market in services as one of the main preconditions for a return to economic prosperity†¦the liberalization of financial services will represent a major step towards Community financial integration and the widening of the Internal Market† (Commission of the European Communities 1985). This is a fact that the modern day European Commission (EC) still believes in. With more efficient allocation of capital, the Commission hopes to ensure long-term economic performance. More than 20 years after the publication of the 1985 White Paper, Europe is in economic turmoil. Critics have started pinpointing the flaws of creating the EU, and the Commission must again enumerate the advantages of an integrated financial market, as well as report on the developments aimed at this direction. What are the different steps made toward financial integration? What are the specific features of the liberalization program? What are the results achieved from these reforms? These are just some of the issues which will be discussed in this paper. What does a Single Market Look Like? While so many legislators talk about the Single Market for financial services, very few actually understand what it is, and what can be expected from it. In sum, however, a fully functioning unified market allows buyers and sellers of assets to deal with one another, regardless of the location of their systems and infrastructure. It allows market participants, both the intermediaries (brokers) and the end users, to raise funds and profit in all Member States without fulfilling additional licensing requirements. Financial institutions which legally operate in one Member State can open new cross border operations without needing to pay additional fees or acquiring new certification from the host country. These same institutions are also given access to all essential systems and infrastructures they will need to continue their operation (The Working Group in City of London 2000). All financial institutions duly licensed in their home countries can work as intermediaries in the financial market offering the same functions, products and services across all Member States. In the same manner, infrastructure providers are free to offer their services in any country which belongs to the EU (The Working Group in City of London 2000). Needless to say, a Single Market is a venue for competition and innovation. It enables Member States to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the 27 countries and 480 million people in the Community without worrying about the risks. It allows Member States to take advantage of the benefits of free trade, while at the same time erecting safeguards that can protect their own economy from increasing volatility which is a major characteristic of globalization. The Benefits of a Single Market According to the EC, the completion of a â€Å"single market [for] financial services is†¦a crucial part of the European Commission’s overriding objective of achieving more and better jobs in a more dynamic, innovative, attractive Europe† (European Commission 2010). Keep in mind that the financial market deals mainly with savings (whether individual or institutional) which can then be used as capital. With a Single Market for financial services, Member States can hope to achieve the following advantages (The Working Group in City of London 2000: pp. 7-8): †¢ Improved allocation of capital, due to the lower transaction costs and higher market liquidity. †¢ More efficient movement in the security market which allows savings to become investments. †¢ More innovative financial systems which lead to a diversified (hence, a more stable) portfolio of investments. †¢ More efficient financial transactions as brought about by the competition among financial intermediaries in the EU. †¢ Increased opportunity to take advantage of the economies of scale. In the 1985 White Paper, it was stated that in order for the internal market to become a possibility, firms and private individuals must have access to more efficient financial services. With open competition among financial institutions, they will be forced to reevaluate their processes so that restrictions to capital movements are kept to a minimum (Commission of the European Communities 2005). The White Paper also believed that more efficient financial transactions will reinforce the European Monetary System and ensure the stability of the exchange rate (Commission of the European Communities 2005). Even in those early days, it was already known that the free movement of capital coupled with greater financial freedom will enable Member States to enact sound economic policies, hence, promote economic stability. In recent years, the need for a Single Market for financial services has become even more important. With the improvement in technology came the increased access to knowledge and information, which in turn affected strategic decisions and competition. In order to survive a globalized economy, companies have to find more efficient processes so that they can take advantage of the economies of scale. And yet, even the creation of efficient processes will require capital. With lesser restrictions among EU countries, companies can now raise funds from any side of the Community. Aside from this, the high interest rates have led to the increase in the demand for high-yield securities and assets, but with the deceleration in productivity came the need to manage portfolios more actively. Investors have become more wary and will not release capital without the assurance of profit. With a Single Market for financial services, the EU has provided stability in portfolios because of the increase in the number of investment tools available in the Community. A Single Market for financial services allows capital to flow smoothly because it provides investors an attractive market where there are more opportunities to pool risk, as well as improved chances to profit. With the increase in the flow of investments in all financial institutions in the EU, businesses can have additional sources of capital which they can then use to expand their operations, and provide employment. The â€Å"achievement of the Single European financial market is the most crucial [factor] in creating the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion† (The Working Group in City of London 2000: pp. 8). For citizens, a single market for financial services meant that the capability to open bank accounts in any country in the EU, buy and sell shares in foreign companies, purchase real estate – basically to find an investment with the best return. On the other hand, for companies, it means the ability to invest (and own) other European companies and play a big role in their management. The financial market is a global industry where global players seek international markets which will give the best advantages in terms of cost, profit, flexibility and liquidity. An integrated European financial market makes available a number of opportunities – from retail investors, to wholesale financial markets for global traders. Steps toward Financial Integration in the EU The move towards financial integration in the EU can be traced as far back as the 1970s with the release of the major directives in banking, insurance and investments. The first banking directive focused on the establishment of credit institutions within the Community. According to this directive, all banks operating in the Community which have plans of establishing operation on another country must obtain authorization from the supervisory body of the host country. At the time, European Community (EC) banks were subject to restriction, especially in the range of activities they can perform. Many of these restrictions are listed on the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Keep in mind, however, that this directive has been issued in the 1970s while the similar legal framework from the World Trade Organization (WTO) was released only in the 1990s. By 1989, a new banking directive was released. The second directive introduced a single banking license wherein the bank’s home country is responsible for checking the financial institutions’ overall solvency, and the fulfillment of minimum capital requirements. Once the bank was licensed in its home country, it can then expand its operations to other Member States without completing separate authorization requirements (Pasadilla 2008: pp. 3). Aside from these two directives, other directives affecting banking policies were released. Some of them were involved the harmonizing of accounting rules, the removal of exchange controls, the setting of minimum capital requirements, and the definition of banking activities. Integration in insurance and investment mirrors the same steps made in banking. Major directives were also released, each one amending the previous. The first directive in this sector paralleled the first banking directive wherein authorization procedures were outlined. In a subsequent directive, the home country control was enhanced and certain supervisory provisions were specified.

Comparing the Living Dead in James Joyces The Dead and Dubliners Essay

Dubliners and The Living Dead      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his work "The Dead," James Joyce utilizes his character Michael Furey, Gretta Conroy's deceased love from her youth, as an apparent symbol of how the dead have a steadfast and continuous power over the living.   The dominant power which Michael maintains over the protagonist, Gabriel Conroy, is that Gabriel is faced with the intense question of whether his wife, Gretta Conroy, loves him and whether he honestly loves her.   Joyce provides substantial information to persuade one to believe that Gabriel does truly love his wife.   Even though it is made evident to the reader that Gabriel possesses such devotion and adoration for Gretta, Michael diverts Gabriel's confidence in his love, causing Gabriel to come to terms with his understanding that his life is not as Gabriel once thought it to be.   Through this process of misleading realization, Gabriel has allowed himself to become one of the many living dead of his community in Dublin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the taxi ride from his aunts' party to their hotel, Gabriel reminisces about his and Gretta's lives together.   Joyce enforces the passion of Gabriel's thoughts, "Moments of their secret life together burst like stars on his memory" (Joyce 173).   Joyce continues to fill his readers thoughts with examples of the Conroy's wonderful life: "He had felt proud and happy then, happy that she was his proud of her grace and wifely carriage... after the kindling again of so many memories, the first touch of her body, musical and strange and perfumed, sent through him a keen pang of lust" (Joyce 175).   Gabriel seizes Gretta in a passionate embrace and inquires into her thoughts.   Gretta hesitates at first then proceeds to explain the tragic tale... ...ased to consider themselves irrelevant as living beings.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Gabriel Conroy, through his self-righteous concern for others, has created an internal paralysis.   Because Gabriel dwells on events in the past he is unable to move forward in his life with satisfaction.   Although Gabriel indisputably loves his wife, the elusive curse created by Michael Furey's inconsequential existence, long before he and Gretta were involved, has instigated unruly thoughts on Gabriel's behalf.   This vague and malicious being breaks down Gabriel's ego; he questions the validity of his and Gretta's love for one another and the significance of his own life.   These thought processes cause Gabriel to believe himself better off dead rather than alive, banishing him to a life of eternal discontent.    Works Cited Joyce, James. Dubliners. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.

How Is Othello Viewed By Others And How Does He View Himself Essay

The Shakespearian tragedy ‘Othello’ is a story of immensely contrasting opinions where jealously rules rife over the flawed, but heroic leading character. With racism even alive today, the fact that this character was of dark skin raised even more controversy around the Shakespearian era. The audience that would have first viewed this play would have had preconceptions about the personality and the role that Othello would ensue. Due to the stereotypical and racist viewpoints that people held at this time, black was in any case a colour associated with evil or deformity, therefore the character of the black Othello was expected to be violent, jealous, treacherous and most likely associated with witchcraft. Shockingly, especially for the people of the Shakespearian era, Othello does not relate to this stereotype and is in fact quite the opposite at the start of the play- the calm and strongly composed character. Some of these stereotypical ‘black’ traits however are indeed seen in the play, but controversially from another character, the white Iago, who incidentally plays the role of the evil manipulator. Othello’s character is portrayed to the reader in his composed first words- ‘Tis better as it is’. The line being only a half-line proves his characters’ firm but comfortable personality, needing only to say the controlled necessary in each situation. As his personality seems to be so strong and wise, it is unusual that Iago deems Othello as an easy target to manipulate- ‘will tenderly be lead by the nose as asses are’. Iago’s obvious hatred for Othello is overly emphasised throughout the play by his disregard and lack of respect towards the character. He constantly makes racist comments about Othello to others, but never to Othello himself, naming him- ‘Barbary horse’ to Desdemona’s father and stating that he does ‘hate the Moor’ to Roderigo. Even when referring to the obviously loving relationship that engulfs both Othello and Desdemona, Iago shows ignorant and disrespectful mannerisms, reducing their physical love to animal level- ‘old black ram is tupping your white ewe’ and showing that he obviously does not agree with this martial pairing. Iago’s authentic character is hinted at early on in the tragedy, where in one of his longer speeches he finishes- ‘I am not what I am’. This points the reader towards Iago’s true colours, which are rarely put openly on show. His willingness to manipulate and take advantage of other characters (such as Roderigo) in order to force Othello into the deepest amount of torment proves just how much of a cunning and dangerous actor Iago can be. The ‘stage managing’ techniques he uses throughout the play portray just how determined Iago is to truly ruin Othello’s life and the lengths that he is prepared to reach in order to gain revenge upon Othello for not awarding him the idealised promotion. It is therefore often difficult to decipher Iago’s true feelings and attitudes towards Othello as he constantly adjusts his viewpoint to suit that of his company, for example when in the company of characters such as Othello, Desdemona and Cassio, Iago speaks of Othello positively and even at one point presents a contrasting emotion- ‘My lord, you know I love you’. However, when characters such as Roderigo and Brabantio are in attendance, he again insults Othello naming his supposed arrogance- ‘loving his own pride and purposes’. Although it is apparent that he has strong hatred towards the character, the reasons behind this hatred are never completely discovered. The reader is left to decipher whether the feeling is down to irrepressible racism or dark jealousy, or even a mixture of both. Even when Iago’s shrewd plan is foiled towards the conclusion of the play, his attitudes towards Othello still remain constant. He shows no feeling of remorse and depicts himself as a party holding little guilt- ‘I told him what I thought and told no more than what he found himself was apt and true’ Although this statement if looked at individually is actually truthful (Iago never once stated that Desdemona and Cassio were in fact indefinitely committing adultery), the fact that Iago orchestrated the imaginary relationship between Desdemona and Cassio and that he introduced doubt into Othello’s mind in the knowledge that ambiguity could potentially ruin him, shows that he still aims to manipulate even as the play draws to closure. Iago’s racist views however, are also shared by other characters in the play, the main two named Roderigo and Brabantio. Although both these characters have more personal motives to justify their disapproval of Othello, Iago’s manipulative skills again come into force to emphasise their negative emotions. Until the final moments before his death Roderigo is completely under the influence of Iago and tends to follow his views even if they do not completely match his own. He racially abuses Othello in the company of Iago, naming him- ‘the thick lips’ and ‘lascivious Moor’. These racial prejudices show that he also does not accept the way of which Desdemona and Othello have an indisputable bond, but his apparent hatred goes deeper than this disapproval. As Roderigo is intensely besotted with Desdemona he also seems to be jealous of her love for Othello and believes that the character is not good enough for her, stating that she -‘hath made a gross revolt’. For these reasons Roderigo falls prey to the manipulative Iago, becoming a pawn in his ever growing plot. Unlike Roderigo, Brabantio holds strong racist views about Othello without the influential voice of Iago, showing a genuine condemnation of the relationship between his daughter and -‘the Moor’. This view would have been commonplace in Shakespearian time, as even today principles of racial equality and sexual freedom are unfortunately still far from being completely accepted. He shows legitimate discomfort when referring to the relationship, questioning how Othello could have possibly gained his daughters hand without using some sort of treachery- ‘Is there not charms by which the property of youth and maidhood may be abused?’ Brabantio also finds it understandably challenging to accept that Othello’s intentions of which involve his daughter are honourable -‘Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals’. These views would have again been shared by the Shakespearian audience, who associated people of dark skin with witchcraft and trickery. Brabantio may have respected Othello as a military general, as a close acquaintance, and perhaps even as a friend, but it is clear that he never considered Othello good enough to be a husband for his daughter. Characters that form negative or racist views towards Othello do rarely mention these ideas directly to his face, maybe because of his strength as a character, or possibly because of his incessant reputation of being composed and carefully resilient with his language. Each character that states negative views towards the general however is proved at the end of the play to be completely incorrect, and in most cases foolish. Not all characters view Othello in such bad light conversely, most respect him as a brave and honourable general, showing him great loyalty and love- the Duke being one of these. He obviously sees Othello as a brilliant general and valuable friend- ‘Valiant Othello we must straight employ you against the general enemy Ottoman’. Even when Brabantio, a close friend of the Duke, shows obvious racial disagreements towards Othello, the Duke stands up for the general’s cause, stating to Brabantio that his -‘son-in-law is far more fair than black’. This proves that the Duke does accept Othello’s ethnic background and believes that Othello does not hold the usual traits of the stereotypical â€Å"Moor†. Desdemona is unsurprisingly the character that can distinguish Othello as doing no wrong. Even after malicious attacks and verbal abuse from the general, Desdemona does not speak out against her love. Desdemona is infatuated with Othello and this becomes apparent from her very first speech of the play where she states that if she is forced to choose whether to be obedient to her father or to Othello, she must choose Othello- ‘So much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moor my lord.’ She continues with this loyalty throughout the play and clearly sees Othello as an accomplished husband- ‘to his honours and his valiant parts did I my soul and fortunes consecrate’. Desdemona evidently notes that Othello takes his career very seriously and portrays her understanding of this when propositioned by Cassio in order to regain his position of lieutenant- ‘He shall in strangeness stand no farther off than in a politic distance.’ She respects this and endeavours to cause no harm to his reputation and ability. Further on into the play -where jealousy has completely engulfed Othello- Desdemona defends him when questioned by Emilia about whether Othello is in fact covetous, stating that Othello is incapable of feeling such as jealously- she sees him as almost god-like – ‘I think the sun where he was born drew all such humours from him.’ In even the darkest times when Othello acts so awfully and deeply unjustifiably, Desdemona’s love for him still rules strongly over her heart- ‘My love doth so approve him that even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns-prithee unpin me- have grace and favour in them.’ On her death bed, moments before she is to depart from the world at the hands of her loved one, Desdemona is still unable to speak out against him. She sees through his vicious acts and it is clear to her that the man she married is no longer the corrupted man that stands before her. With her last words to Emilia she states that she doesn’t hold Othello responsible for her death, and even at this perilous moment, names her husband well- ‘Nobody; I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my kind lord.’ She always manages to see Othello positively. Emilia herself, closely linked with Desdemona and often mistreated by her husband Iago, quickly alters her opinion of Othello as the play progresses. Her attitudes towards men are already bitter and derive mainly from the way that Iago has treated her throughout their marriage. She seems to be a feminist and is able to stick up for women- but only in the absence of a male presence. For Emilia the way in which Othello treats Desdemona only emphasises this feeling- ‘they eat us hungerly, and when they are full, they belch us.’ Unfortunately it is evident that Emilia has not always thought of Othello in this negative manner. She awards him the benefit of the doubt as she recognises that his behaviour is becoming erratic and almost stumbles upon Iago’s secret- ‘Remove your thought. It doth abuse your bosom. If any wretch have put this in your head, let heaven requite it with the serpent’s curse!’ Othello’s final behaviour allows Emilia to justify her racist statements- ‘O, more the angel she, and you the blacker devil!’ Othello at his most degrading point in the play reverts to the stereotype that he originally seemed so far from, even though it is apparent to the reader that his reactions are in fact more like Iago’s. Emilia’s final realisation forces her to make yet another racist comment and name Othello as gullible- ‘Oh thou dull moor’. Brabantio’s relative, Lodovico, is the character that shows an obvious change in attitudes towards Othello, in a strikingly short space of time. He undoubtedly thinks well of Othello before his visit to Venice as he greets the general respectfully- ‘God save you, worthy general!’ and clearly accepts his ethnicity. For this reason, Lodovico is clearly shocked when Othello raises his hand to Desdemona and strikes her across the face, and states this surprise and utter disbelief at what he has just witnessed from what was once a courageous general- ‘My lord, this would not be believed in Venice, though I should swear I saw’t.’ This statement gives us a glimpse of how Othello is viewed by others universally. He is seen as a noble character, lacking in the extreme emotions now observed by Lodovico. Brabantio’s relative begins to question Othello’s mental disposition- ‘Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain?’ and his attitudes have clearly now reversed as he now holds reservations about the stability of Othello’s character, whereas before he was sure that the general was of such a great confidence- ‘Is this the noble Moor that whom our full senate call all-in-all sufficient?’ Lodovico departs from the scene with a controversial and, obvious to the reader, ironic line- ‘I am sorry that I am deceived in him.’ This line shows that Lodovico has lost faith in Othello’s character, and feels almost cheated by what he has seen. It seems unfortunate that he feels as he does towards Othello, when truly as he even speaks the line, Iago is the authentic deceptive culprit. Cassio, the object of hatred in Othello’s eyes, does not really say much about his attitudes towards Othello, but what he does say and what is said about his attitudes by others show what he truly feels towards the general. He obviously shows much loyalty towards Othello, he is his lieutenant and until jealousy sets in, a trusted friend. This is made apparent when Desdemona attempts to change her husband jealous views about the unfairly treated Cassio -‘and so many a time when I have spoke of you dispraisingly hath tane your part’ (Desdemona about Cassio). Even after he has been the subject of confusing and malicious actions by the changed Othello, he still speaks of him well- ‘For he was great of heart.’ This highlights one of Othello’s â€Å"tragic flaws†. He is unable to make a good judge of character, and seems to be enormously gullible, believing the sly Iago over the honest, but sometimes vain, Michael Cassio. Cassio obviously thinks well of the troubled Othello. The views of the characters are extremely varied when involving Othello, and these views are changeable throughout the entirety of the play. However none are as interesting and somewhat confusing as how Othello in fact sees himself. His character goes through three notable stages which seem to show great contrast and diversity with each other. At the beginning of the tragedy Othello is obviously a proud individual, and openly speaks about his noble background- ‘I fetch my life and being from men of royal siege’. He is of distant relation to royalty, and for this reason carries himself with a certain majestic and noble manner. He has a shockingly high opinion of himself and this can sometimes be perceived as an arrogant trait- ‘my parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly.’ He is dazzlingly confident in almost all aspects of his life and especially when it comes to his military service- ‘For since these arms of mine had seven years’ pith†¦ they have used their dearest action in the tented field’. He proves to be a powerful presence in areas where others would crumble and is passionate about his love for Desdemona, so much so that he is resilient enough to offer everything in order to sustain their love- ‘let your sentence even fall upon my life.’ This shows great strength in character and Othello obviously sees himself as a force to be considered with. At this stage in the play, Othello views himself as never having been a happier due to his love for Desdemona- ‘If it were now to die, ’twere now to be most happy’ and makes a series of prophetically ironic statements, almost unknowingly hinting to the readers of what is to come- ‘But I do love thee; and when I love thee not, chaos is come again.’ The strength in character that we see from Othello throughout the beginning of the play is last seen in a conversation between him and Iago, concerning the infidelity of Desdemona. In his speech, we see Othello at his final point of rational sanity, which unfortunately due to Iago’s manipulative skills, he is unable to keep up throughout the entirety of the play: ‘No, Iago, I’ll see her before I doubt; when I doubt, prove; And on the proof, there is no more but this: Away all at once with love or jealousy!’ After this point in the play, Othello’s view of himself slowly deteriorates. He begins to lose his self-confidence and control as doubt gradually overwhelms his mind. As the jealously sets into his mind, he begins to search for reasons as to why his wife could do such a thing and comes up with two points; his age and his colour- ‘Haply for I am black’, ‘I am declined into the vale of years’. Whereas before he would have stood by Desdemona and perhaps asked for the proof from Iago against his wife’s infidelity, his troubled character now begs Iago to prove the exact opposite- ‘be sure thou prove my love a whore’. His mistrust in Desdemona proves that he is ultimately a poor judge of character, and instead holds his certainty in ‘Honest Iago’. This reliance on Iago to help him judge Desdemona’s true situation in fact becomes his down fall. His self-confidence has travelled from such a high to a low that he sees himself as no longer able to make conscious decisions alone. Othello’s character almost completely morphs into that of Iago, both using extremely similar language and animal imagery at the time of Othello’s extreme jealousy- ‘Goats and monkeys!’, ‘Or keep it as a cistern for foul toads to knot and gender in!’ This illustrates just how reliant on Iago Othello has become. He asks his opinion at almost every opportunity -‘How shall I murder him, Iago?’ This is a complete contrast from how the character was before his mind became jealous as he was before so sure of his each and every decision, so very self-assured. He now sees himself unfit to lead his life without constant supervision from his companion Iago. After being instructed, word-by-word, on how to unjustly murder his beloved Desdemona, Othello commits the terrible deed. Through this scene it is clearly illustrated that Othello has completely lost him mind, and in the words of Iago -‘He is much changed.’ He constantly contradicts himself, showing that he is no longer sure of what he is doing and sees only one way to regain his controlled mind- ‘A murder, which I thought a sacrifice.’ After killing his wife, Othello shows no remorse as he feels that he, himself, has rid the world of an unfaithful being- ‘She’s like a liar gone to burning hell: ‘Twas I that killed her.’ In this way he seems almost proud of his act, but yet still in pieces from losing not only his mind, but in addition, his love. The final stage in Othello’s personality transformation sees him return almost to his former self- a controlled man, but this time with a huge sense of guilt and despair laid upon his heart. He now sees himself as a monster, and begs for punishment’ ‘Whip me†¦ Roast me in sulphur!’ In a desperate effort to regain control in the situation, we see Othello commit an act that would fit with his former character, he stabs himself. This shows that Othello now thinks so badly of himself that he claims happiness will be found in death- ‘For in my sense ’tis happiness to die.’ We see Othello in his final speech attempt to reclaim any respect and decency from his characters, and asks them to remember him as one that ‘loved not wisely, but too well’ and a man that was -‘not easily jealous but, being wrought, perplexed in the extreme’. This shows that Othello has regained control over the final moments of his life and hopes to be remembered not for the tragic deeds he has committed but for his decencies and military service. He views himself as an unfairly mislead man, that inevitably forged his own fate. In conclusion, Othello as a character is not only a controversial, but also travels on such a journey through personalities that he is able to change the opinions of those who once looked up to him. The troubled, aggressive and broken Othello we see at the end of play is a shadow of his former self and proves just how each and every person has strengths and weaknesses that can be carefully manipulated. The real Othello that we see at the beginning of the play is one that can never be regained once jealousy has set in, and this is clearly shown by the tragic ending to the play. Othello tragically saw himself as a strong character, but was eventually shown to be a gullible fool at the hands of the evil manipulative Iago.